Intelligent automated assistant in a home environment

ABSTRACT

Systems and processes for operating an intelligent automated assistant are provided. In one example process, discourse input representing a user request can be received. The process can determine one or more possible device characteristics corresponding to the discourse input. Data structure representing a set of devices of an established location can be retrieved. The process can determine, based on the data structure, one or more candidate devices from the set of devices. The one or more candidate devices can correspond to the discourse input. The process can determine, based on the one or more possible device characteristics and one or more actual device characteristics of the one or more candidate devices, a user intent corresponding to the discourse input. Instructions that cause a device of the one or more candidate devices to perform an action corresponding to the user intent can be provided.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Ser. No. 62/348,015, filed on Jun. 9, 2016, entitled INTELLIGENT AUTOMATED ASSISTANT IN A HOME ENVIRONMENT, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

This application also relates to the following co-pending applications: U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 14/503,105, “INTELLIGENT ASSISTANT FOR HOME AUTOMATION,” filed Sep. 30, 2014, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

FIELD

This relates generally to intelligent automated assistants and, more specifically, to intelligent automated assistants in a home environment.

BACKGROUND

Intelligent automated assistants (or digital assistants) can provide a beneficial interface between human users and electronic devices. Such assistants can allow users to interact with devices or systems using natural language in spoken and/or text forms. For example, a user can provide a speech input containing a user request to a digital assistant operating on an electronic device. The digital assistant can interpret the user's intent from the speech input and operationalize the user's intent into tasks. The tasks can then be performed by executing one or more services of the electronic device, and a relevant output responsive to the user request can be returned to the user.

Devices (e.g., electronic device) of an established location (e.g., home, office, business, public institution) can be controlled remotely using software applications running on a computing device, such as a mobile phone, tablet computer, laptop computer, desktop computer, or the like. For example, numerous manufacturers create light bulbs that can be controlled by a software application running on a mobile phone to adjust the brightness and/or color of the bulb. Other devices, such as door locks, thermostats, and the like, having similar controls are also available.

While these devices can provide users with a greater level of control and convenience, it can become exceedingly difficult to manage these devices as the number of remotely controlled devices and the number of types of remotely controlled devices in the home increase. For example, a typical home can include 40-50 light bulbs placed throughout the various rooms of the home. Using conventional software applications, each light bulb is given a unique identifier, and a user attempting to control one of these devices must select the appropriate identifier from a list of available devices within a graphical user interface. Remembering the correct identifier for a particular light bulb and finding that identifier from a list of 40-50 identifiers can be a difficult and time-consuming process. For example, the user can confuse the identifier of one device with that of another and thus be unable to control the desired device. To add to the difficulty of managing and controlling a large number of remotely controlled devices, different manufactures typically provide different software applications that must be used to control their respective devices. As a result, a user must locate and open one software application to turn on/off their light bulbs, and must then locate and open another software application to set the temperature of their thermostat.

SUMMARY

Systems and processes for operating an intelligent automated assistant are provided. In one example process, discourse input representing a user request is received. The process determines one or more possible device characteristics corresponding to the discourse input. A data structure representing a set of devices of an established location is retrieved. The process determines, based on the data structure, one or more candidate devices from the set of devices. The one or more candidate devices correspond to the discourse input. The process determines, based on the one or more possible device characteristics and one or more actual device characteristics of the one or more candidate devices, a user intent corresponding to the discourse input. Instructions that cause a device of the one or more candidate devices to perform an action corresponding to the user intent are provided.

In another example process, discourse input representing a user request is received. The process determines whether the discourse input relates to a device of an established location. In response to determining that the discourse input relates to a device of an established location, a data structure representing a set of devices of the established location is retrieved. The process determines, using the data structure, a user intent corresponding to the discourse input, the user intent associated with an action to be performed by a device of the set of devices, and a criterion to be satisfied prior to performing the action. The action and the device are stored in association with the criterion, where, in accordance with a determination that the criterion is satisfied, the action is performed by the device.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a system and environment for implementing a digital assistant according to various examples.

FIG. 2A is a block diagram illustrating a portable multifunction device implementing the client-side portion of a digital assistant according to various examples.

FIG. 2B is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components for event handling according to various examples.

FIG. 3 illustrates a portable multifunction device implementing the client-side portion of a digital assistant according to various examples.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an exemplary multifunction device with a display and a touch-sensitive surface according to various examples.

FIG. 5A illustrates an exemplary user interface for a menu of applications on a portable multifunction device according to various examples.

FIG. 5B illustrates an exemplary user interface for a multifunction device with a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from the display according to various examples.

FIG. 6A illustrates a personal electronic device according to various examples.

FIG. 6B is a block diagram illustrating a personal electronic device according to various examples.

FIG. 7A is a block diagram illustrating a digital assistant system or a server portion thereof according to various examples.

FIG. 7B illustrates the functions of the digital assistant shown in FIG. 7A according to various examples.

FIG. 7C illustrates a portion of an ontology according to various examples.

FIG. 8 illustrates a process for operating a digital assistant according to various examples.

FIG. 9 is a hierarchical chart illustrating a data structure that represents a set of devices of an established location according to various examples.

FIG. 10A illustrates possible device characteristics corresponding to an exemplary discourse input according to various examples.

FIG. 10B illustrates actual device characteristics associated with devices represented in a data structure according to various examples.

FIG. 11 illustrates a process for operating a digital assistant according to various examples.

FIG. 12 illustrates a functional block diagram of an electronic device according to various examples.

FIG. 13 illustrates a functional block diagram of an electronic device according to various examples.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description of examples, reference is made to the accompanying drawings in which it is shown by way of illustration specific examples that can be practiced. It is to be understood that other examples can be used and structural changes can be made without departing from the scope of the various examples.

As discussed above, utilizing a digital assistant to control devices of an established location, such as devices in a user's home, can be convenient and beneficial to the user. Preferably, the user employs natural language to convey to the digital assistant the intended action and the intended device for performing the action without having to refer to predefined commands or predefined device identifiers. For example, if the user provides the natural language command “Open the door,” it can be desirable for the digital assistant to understand exactly which door the user is referring to and whether the intended action is to open the door or unlock the door. The user thus would not need to remember a myriad of predefined commands and device identifiers in order to convey the user's intent to the digital assistant. This improves the user experience and allow for a more natural and personable interaction with the digital assistant.

Although natural language interactions are desirable to improve user experience, natural language often includes ambiguous terms which are difficult for the digital assistant to disambiguate. For example, for the natural language command “Open the door,” the user's home could have several doors which can be opened or unlocked. The digital assistant therefore needs to rely on other information to supplement the natural language command in order to accurately determine the intended action and the intended device for performing the action. In accordance with some exemplary systems and processes described herein, a data structure defining the devices of an established location is utilized to assist with determining the user's intent from the user's natural language command. In one example process, discourse input representing a user request is received. The process determines one or more possible device characteristics corresponding to the discourse input. A data structure representing a set of devices of an established location is retrieved. The process determines, based on the data structure, one or more candidate devices from the set of devices. The one or more candidate devices correspond to the discourse input. The process determines, based on the one or more possible device characteristics and one or more actual device characteristics of the one or more candidate devices, a user intent corresponding to the discourse input. Instructions that cause a device of the one or more candidate devices to perform an action corresponding to the user intent are provided.

A digital assistant can also process user commands for performing a future action in response to a specified condition. The action or the condition is with respect to one or more devices in an established location. For example, the user provides the natural language command “Close the blinds when it reaches 80 degrees.” In this example, the digital assistant determines that the user wishes to perform the action of closing the blinds in response to the condition of detecting a temperature equal to or greater than 80 degrees. In particular, the digital assistant would need to determine which “blinds” the user wishes to close and which thermometer the user wishes to monitor with respect to the “80 degrees” criterion. The data structure referred to above is also utilized to assist with making such a determination. For instance, in one example process, discourse input representing a user request is received. The process determines whether the discourse input relates to a device of an established location. In response to determining that the discourse input relates to a device of an established location, a data structure representing a set of devices of the established location is retrieved. The process determines, using the data structure, a user intent corresponding to the discourse input, the user intent associated with an action to be performed by a device of the set of devices and a criterion to be satisfied prior to performing the action. The action and the device are stored in association with the criterion where, in accordance with a determination that the criterion is satisfied, the action is performed by the device.

Although the following description uses terms “first,” “second,” etc. to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by the terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first device could be termed a second device, and, similarly, a second device could be termed a first device, without departing from the scope of the various described examples. The first device and the second device, in some examples, are both devices and, in some cases, are separate and different devices.

The terminology used in the description of the various described examples herein is for the purpose of describing particular examples only and is not intended to be limiting. As used in the description of the various described examples and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will also be understood that the term “and/or” as used herein refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. It will be further understood that the terms “includes,” “including,” “comprises,” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

The term “if” may be construed to mean “when” or “upon” or “in response to determining” or “in response to detecting,” depending on the context. Similarly, the phrase “if it is determined” or “if [a stated condition or event] is detected” may be construed to mean “upon determining” or “in response to determining” or “upon detecting [the stated condition or event]” or “in response to detecting [the stated condition or event],” depending on the context.

1. System and Environment

FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of system 100 according to various examples. In some examples, system 100 implements a digital assistant. The terms “digital assistant,” “virtual assistant,” “intelligent automated assistant,” or “automatic digital assistant” refer to any information processing system that interprets natural language input in spoken and/or textual form to infer user intent, and performs actions based on the inferred user intent. For example, to act on an inferred user intent, the system performs one or more of the following: identifying a task flow with steps and parameters designed to accomplish the inferred user intent, inputting specific requirements from the inferred user intent into the task flow; executing the task flow by invoking programs, methods, services, APIs, or the like; and generating output responses to the user in an audible (e.g., speech) and/or visual form.

Specifically, a digital assistant is capable of accepting a user request at least partially in the form of a natural language command, request, statement, narrative, and/or inquiry. Typically, the user request seeks either an informational answer or performance of a task by the digital assistant. A satisfactory response to the user request includes a provision of the requested informational answer, a performance of the requested task, or a combination of the two. For example, a user asks the digital assistant a question, such as “Where am I right now?” Based on the user's current location, the digital assistant answers, “You are in Central Park near the west gate.” The user also requests the performance of a task, for example, “Please invite my friends to my girlfriend's birthday party next week.” In response, the digital assistant can acknowledge the request by saying “Yes, right away,” and then send a suitable calendar invite on behalf of the user to each of the user's friends listed in the user's electronic address book. During performance of a requested task, the digital assistant sometimes interacts with the user in a continuous dialogue involving multiple exchanges of information over an extended period of time. There are numerous other ways of interacting with a digital assistant to request information or performance of various tasks. In addition to providing verbal responses and taking programmed actions, the digital assistant also provides responses in other visual or audio forms, e.g., as text, alerts, music, videos, animations, etc.

As shown in FIG. 1, in some examples, a digital assistant is implemented according to a client-server model. The digital assistant includes client-side portion 102 (hereafter “DA client 102”) executed on user device 104 and server-side portion 106 (hereafter “DA server 106”) executed on server system 108. DA client 102 communicates with DA server 106 through one or more networks 110. DA client 102 provides client-side functionalities such as user-facing input and output processing and communication with DA server 106. DA server 106 provides server-side functionalities for any number of DA clients 102 each residing on a respective user device 104.

In some examples, DA server 106 includes client-facing I/O interface 112, one or more processing modules 114, data and models 116, and I/O interface to external services 118. The client-facing I/O interface 112 facilitates the client-facing input and output processing for DA server 106. One or more processing modules 114 utilize data and models 116 to process speech input and determine the user's intent based on natural language input. In some examples, data and model storage 116 stores a data structure (e.g., data structure 900) and any other relevant information associated with one or more of devices (e.g., devices 130, 132, 134, and 136) that are configured to be controlled by user device 104 and/or server system 108. Further, one or more processing modules 114 perform task execution based on inferred user intent. In some examples, DA server 106 communicates with external services 120 through network(s) 110 for task completion or information acquisition. I/O interface to external services 118 facilitates such communications.

User device 104 can be any suitable electronic device. In some examples, user device is a portable multifunctional device (e.g., device 200, described below with reference to FIG. 2A), a multifunctional device (e.g., device 400, described below with reference to FIG. 4), or a personal electronic device (e.g., device 600, described below with reference to FIG. 6A-B.) A portable multifunctional device is, for example, a mobile telephone that also contains other functions, such as PDA and/or music player functions. Specific examples of portable multifunction devices include the iPhone®, iPod Touch®, and iPad® devices from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. Other examples of portable multifunction devices include, without limitation, laptop or tablet computers. Further, in some examples, user device 104 is a non-portable multifunctional device. In particular, user device 104 is a desktop computer, a game console, a television, or a television set-top box. In some examples, user device 104 includes a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch screen displays and/or touchpads). Further, user device 104 optionally includes one or more other physical user-interface devices, such as a physical keyboard, a mouse, and/or a joystick. Various examples of electronic devices, such as multifunctional devices, are described below in greater detail.

Examples of communication network(s) 110 include local area networks (LAN) and wide area networks (WAN), e.g., the Internet. Communication network(s) 110 is implemented using any known network protocol, including various wired or wireless protocols, such as, for example, Ethernet, Universal Serial Bus (USB), FIREWIRE, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Wi-MAX, or any other suitable communication protocol.

Server system 108 is implemented on one or more standalone data processing apparatus or a distributed network of computers. In some examples, server system 108 also employs various virtual devices and/or services of third-party service providers (e.g., third-party cloud service providers) to provide the underlying computing resources and/or infrastructure resources of server system 108.

In some examples, user device 104 communicates with DA server 106 via second user device 122. Second user device 122 is similar or identical to user device 104. For example, second user device 122 is similar to devices 200, 400, or 600 described below with reference to FIGS. 2A, 4, and 6A-B. User device 104 is configured to communicatively couple to second user device 122 via a direct communication connection, such as Bluetooth, NFC, BTLE, or the like, or via a wired or wireless network, such as a local Wi-Fi network. In some examples, second user device 122 is configured to act as a proxy between user device 104 and DA server 106. For example, DA client 102 of user device 104 is configured to transmit information (e.g., a user request received at user device 104) to DA server 106 via second user device 122. DA server 106 processes the information and return relevant data (e.g., data content responsive to the user request) to user device 104 via second user device 122.

In some examples, user device 104 is configured to communicate abbreviated requests for data to second user device 122 to reduce the amount of information transmitted from user device 104. Second user device 122 is configured to determine supplemental information to add to the abbreviated request to generate a complete request to transmit to DA server 106. This system architecture can advantageously allow user device 104 having limited communication capabilities and/or limited battery power (e.g., a watch or a similar compact electronic device) to access services provided by DA server 106 by using second user device 122, having greater communication capabilities and/or battery power (e.g., a mobile phone, laptop computer, tablet computer, or the like), as a proxy to DA server 106. While only two user devices 104 and 122 are shown in FIG. 1, it should be appreciated that system 100, in some examples, includes any number and type of user devices configured in this proxy configuration to communicate with DA server system 106.

User device 104 and/or server system 108 are further coupled to devices 130, 132, 134, and 136 via network(s) 110. Devices 130, 132, 134, and 136 can include any type of remotely controlled device, such as a light bulb (e.g., having binary on/off operating states, numerical dimmable operating states, color operating state, etc.), garage door (e.g., having a binary open/closed operating state), door lock (e.g., having binary locked/unlocked operating state), thermostat (e.g., having one or more numerical temperature setpoint operating states, such as a high temperature, low temperature, time-based temperatures, etc.), electrical outlet (e.g., having a binary on/off operating state), switch (e.g., having a binary on/off operating state), a music player, a television set, or the like. Devices 130-136 are configured to receive instructions from server system 108 and/or user device 104. As discussed in greater detail below with respect to FIGS. 8-11, user device 104 can issue commands (or cause DA server 106 to issue commands) to control any of one of devices 130-136 in response to a natural language dialogue input provided by a user to user device 104.

While only four devices 130, 132, 134, and 136 are shown in FIG. 1, it should be appreciated that system 100 can include any number of devices. Additionally, although the digital assistant shown in FIG. 1 includes both a client-side portion (e.g., DA client 102) and a server-side portion (e.g., DA server 106), in some examples, the functions of a digital assistant are implemented as a standalone application installed on a user device. In addition, the divisions of functionalities between the client and server portions of the digital assistant can vary in different implementations. For instance, in some examples, the DA client is a thin-client that provides only user-facing input and output processing functions, and delegates all other functionalities of the digital assistant to a backend server.

2. Electronic Devices

Attention is now directed toward embodiments of electronic devices for implementing the client-side portion of a digital assistant. FIG. 2A is a block diagram illustrating portable multifunction device 200 with touch-sensitive display system 212 in accordance with some embodiments. Touch-sensitive display 212 is sometimes called a “touch screen” for convenience and is sometimes known as or called a “touch-sensitive display system.” Device 200 includes memory 202 (which optionally includes one or more computer-readable storage mediums), memory controller 222, one or more processing units (CPUs) 220, peripherals interface 218, RF circuitry 208, audio circuitry 210, speaker 211, microphone 213, input/output (I/O) subsystem 206, other input control devices 216, and external port 224. Device 200 optionally includes one or more optical sensors 264. Device 200 optionally includes one or more contact intensity sensors 265 for detecting intensity of contacts on device 200 (e.g., a touch-sensitive surface such as touch-sensitive display system 212 of device 200). Device 200 optionally includes one or more tactile output generators 267 for generating tactile outputs on device 200 (e.g., generating tactile outputs on a touch-sensitive surface such as touch-sensitive display system 212 of device 200 or touchpad 455 of device 400). These components optionally communicate over one or more communication buses or signal lines 203.

As used in the specification and claims, the term “intensity” of a contact on a touch-sensitive surface refers to the force or pressure (force per unit area) of a contact (e.g., a finger contact) on the touch-sensitive surface, or to a substitute (proxy) for the force or pressure of a contact on the touch-sensitive surface. The intensity of a contact has a range of values that includes at least four distinct values and more typically includes hundreds of distinct values (e.g., at least 256). Intensity of a contact is, optionally, determined (or measured) using various approaches and various sensors or combinations of sensors. For example, one or more force sensors underneath or adjacent to the touch-sensitive surface are, optionally, used to measure force at various points on the touch-sensitive surface. In some implementations, force measurements from multiple force sensors are combined (e.g., a weighted average) to determine an estimated force of a contact. Similarly, a pressure-sensitive tip of a stylus is, optionally, used to determine a pressure of the stylus on the touch-sensitive surface. Alternatively, the size of the contact area detected on the touch-sensitive surface and/or changes thereto, the capacitance of the touch-sensitive surface proximate to the contact and/or changes thereto, and/or the resistance of the touch-sensitive surface proximate to the contact and/or changes thereto are, optionally, used as a substitute for the force or pressure of the contact on the touch-sensitive surface. In some implementations, the substitute measurements for contact force or pressure are used directly to determine whether an intensity threshold has been exceeded (e.g., the intensity threshold is described in units corresponding to the substitute measurements). In some implementations, the substitute measurements for contact force or pressure are converted to an estimated force or pressure, and the estimated force or pressure is used to determine whether an intensity threshold has been exceeded (e.g., the intensity threshold is a pressure threshold measured in units of pressure). Using the intensity of a contact as an attribute of a user input allows for user access to additional device functionality that may otherwise not be accessible by the user on a reduced-size device with limited real estate for displaying affordances (e.g., on a touch-sensitive display) and/or receiving user input (e.g., via a touch-sensitive display, a touch-sensitive surface, or a physical/mechanical control such as a knob or a button).

As used in the specification and claims, the term “tactile output” refers to physical displacement of a device relative to a previous position of the device, physical displacement of a component (e.g., a touch-sensitive surface) of a device relative to another component (e.g., housing) of the device, or displacement of the component relative to a center of mass of the device that will be detected by a user with the user's sense of touch. For example, in situations where the device or the component of the device is in contact with a surface of a user that is sensitive to touch (e.g., a finger, palm, or other part of a user's hand), the tactile output generated by the physical displacement will be interpreted by the user as a tactile sensation corresponding to a perceived change in physical characteristics of the device or the component of the device. For example, movement of a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., a touch-sensitive display or trackpad) is, optionally, interpreted by the user as a “down click” or “up click” of a physical actuator button. In some cases, a user will feel a tactile sensation such as an “down click” or “up click” even when there is no movement of a physical actuator button associated with the touch-sensitive surface that is physically pressed (e.g., displaced) by the user's movements. As another example, movement of the touch-sensitive surface is, optionally, interpreted or sensed by the user as “roughness” of the touch-sensitive surface, even when there is no change in smoothness of the touch-sensitive surface. While such interpretations of touch by a user will be subject to the individualized sensory perceptions of the user, there are many sensory perceptions of touch that are common to a large majority of users. Thus, when a tactile output is described as corresponding to a particular sensory perception of a user (e.g., an “up click,” a “down click,” “roughness”), unless otherwise stated, the generated tactile output corresponds to physical displacement of the device or a component thereof that will generate the described sensory perception for a typical (or average) user.

It should be appreciated that device 200 is only one example of a portable multifunction device, and that device 200 optionally has more or fewer components than shown, optionally combines two or more components, or optionally has a different configuration or arrangement of the components. The various components shown in FIG. 2A are implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of both hardware and software, including one or more signal processing and/or application-specific integrated circuits.

Memory 202 includes one or more computer-readable storage mediums. The computer-readable storage mediums are, for example, tangible and non-transitory. Memory 202 includes high-speed random access memory and also includes non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid-state memory devices. Memory controller 222 controls access to memory 202 by other components of device 200.

In some examples, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of memory 202 is used to store instructions (e.g., for performing aspects of processes described below) for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device, such as a computer-based system, processor-containing system, or other system that can fetch the instructions from the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device and execute the instructions. In other examples, the instructions (e.g., for performing aspects of the processes described below) are stored on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium (not shown) of the server system 108 or are divided between the non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of memory 202 and the non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of server system 108.

Peripherals interface 218 is used to couple input and output peripherals of the device to CPU 220 and memory 202. The one or more processors 220 run or execute various software programs and/or sets of instructions stored in memory 202 to perform various functions for device 200 and to process data. In some embodiments, peripherals interface 218, CPU 220, and memory controller 222 are implemented on a single chip, such as chip 204. In some other embodiments, they are implemented on separate chips.

RF (radio frequency) circuitry 208 receives and sends RF signals, also called electromagnetic signals. RF circuitry 208 converts electrical signals to/from electromagnetic signals and communicates with communications networks and other communications devices via the electromagnetic signals. RF circuitry 208 optionally includes well-known circuitry for performing these functions, including but not limited to an antenna system, an RF transceiver, one or more amplifiers, a tuner, one or more oscillators, a digital signal processor, a CODEC chipset, a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory, and so forth. RF circuitry 208 optionally communicates with networks, such as the Internet, also referred to as the World Wide Web (WWW), an intranet and/or a wireless network, such as a cellular telephone network, a wireless local area network (LAN) and/or a metropolitan area network (MAN), and other devices by wireless communication. The RF circuitry 208 optionally includes well-known circuitry for detecting near field communication (NFC) fields, such as by a short-range communication radio. The wireless communication optionally uses any of a plurality of communications standards, protocols, and technologies, including but not limited to Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA), high-speed uplink packet access (HSDPA), Evolution, Data-Only (EV-DO), HSPA, HSPA+, Dual-Cell HSPA (DC-HSPDA), long term evolution (LTE), near field communication (NFC), wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy (BTLE), Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) (e.g., IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g, IEEE 802.11n, and/or IEEE 802.11ac), voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Wi-MAX, a protocol for e mail (e.g., Internet message access protocol (IMAP) and/or post office protocol (POP)), instant messaging (e.g., extensible messaging and presence protocol (XMPP), Session Initiation Protocol for Instant Messaging and Presence Leveraging Extensions (SIMPLE), Instant Messaging and Presence Service (IMPS)), and/or Short Message Service (SMS), or any other suitable communication protocol, including communication protocols not yet developed as of the filing date of this document.

Audio circuitry 210, speaker 211, and microphone 213 provide an audio interface between a user and device 200. Audio circuitry 210 receives audio data from peripherals interface 218, converts the audio data to an electrical signal, and transmits the electrical signal to speaker 211. Speaker 211 converts the electrical signal to human-audible sound waves. Audio circuitry 210 also receives electrical signals converted by microphone 213 from sound waves. Audio circuitry 210 converts the electrical signal to audio data and transmits the audio data to peripherals interface 218 for processing. Audio data are retrieved from and/or transmitted to memory 202 and/or RF circuitry 208 by peripherals interface 218. In some embodiments, audio circuitry 210 also includes a headset jack (e.g., 312, FIG. 3). The headset jack provides an interface between audio circuitry 210 and removable audio input/output peripherals, such as output-only headphones or a headset with both output (e.g., a headphone for one or both ears) and input (e.g., a microphone).

I/O subsystem 206 couples input/output peripherals on device 200, such as touch screen 212 and other input control devices 216, to peripherals interface 218. I/O subsystem 206 optionally includes display controller 256, optical sensor controller 258, intensity sensor controller 259, haptic feedback controller 261, and one or more input controllers 260 for other input or control devices. The one or more input controllers 260 receive/send electrical signals from/to other input control devices 216. The other input control devices 216 optionally include physical buttons (e.g., push buttons, rocker buttons, etc.), dials, slider switches, joysticks, click wheels, and so forth. In some alternate embodiments, input controller(s) 260 are, optionally, coupled to any (or none) of the following: a keyboard, an infrared port, a USB port, and a pointer device such as a mouse. The one or more buttons (e.g., 308, FIG. 3) optionally include an up/down button for volume control of speaker 211 and/or microphone 213. The one or more buttons optionally include a push button (e.g., 306, FIG. 3).

A quick press of the push button disengages a lock of touch screen 212 or begin a process that uses gestures on the touch screen to unlock the device, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/322,549, “Unlocking a Device by Performing Gestures on an Unlock Image,” filed Dec. 23, 2005, U.S. Pat. No. 7,657,849, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. A longer press of the push button (e.g., 306) turns power to device 200 on or off. The user is able to customize a functionality of one or more of the buttons. Touch screen 212 is used to implement virtual or soft buttons and one or more soft keyboards.

Touch-sensitive display 212 provides an input interface and an output interface between the device and a user. Display controller 256 receives and/or sends electrical signals from/to touch screen 212. Touch screen 212 displays visual output to the user. The visual output includes graphics, text, icons, video, and any combination thereof (collectively termed “graphics”). In some embodiments, some or all of the visual output correspond to user-interface objects.

Touch screen 212 has a touch-sensitive surface, sensor, or set of sensors that accepts input from the user based on haptic and/or tactile contact. Touch screen 212 and display controller 256 (along with any associated modules and/or sets of instructions in memory 202) detect contact (and any movement or breaking of the contact) on touch screen 212 and convert the detected contact into interaction with user-interface objects (e.g., one or more soft keys, icons, web pages, or images) that are displayed on touch screen 212. In an exemplary embodiment, a point of contact between touch screen 212 and the user corresponds to a finger of the user.

Touch screen 212 uses LCD (liquid crystal display) technology, LPD (light emitting polymer display) technology, or LED (light emitting diode) technology, although other display technologies may be used in other embodiments. Touch screen 212 and display controller 256 detect contact and any movement or breaking thereof using any of a plurality of touch sensing technologies now known or later developed, including but not limited to capacitive, resistive, infrared, and surface acoustic wave technologies, as well as other proximity sensor arrays or other elements for determining one or more points of contact with touch screen 212. In an exemplary embodiment, projected mutual capacitance sensing technology is used, such as that found in the iPhone® and iPod Touch® from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.

A touch-sensitive display in some embodiments of touch screen 212 is analogous to the multi-touch sensitive touchpads described in the following U.S. Pat. No. 6,323,846 (Westerman et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 6,570,557 (Westerman et al.), and/or U.S. Pat. No. 6,677,932 (Westerman), and/or U.S. Patent Publication 2002/0015024A1, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. However, touch screen 212 displays visual output from device 200, whereas touch-sensitive touchpads do not provide visual output.

A touch-sensitive display in some embodiments of touch screen 212 is as described in the following applications: (1) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/381,313, “Multipoint Touch Surface Controller,” filed May 2, 2006; (2) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/840,862, “Multipoint Touchscreen,” filed May 6, 2004; (3) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/903,964, “Gestures For Touch Sensitive Input Devices,” filed Jul. 30, 2004; (4) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/048,264, “Gestures For Touch Sensitive Input Devices,” filed Jan. 31, 2005; (5) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/038,590, “Mode-Based Graphical User Interfaces For Touch Sensitive Input Devices,” filed Jan. 18, 2005; (6) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/228,758, “Virtual Input Device Placement On A Touch Screen User Interface,” filed Sep. 16, 2005; (7) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/228,700, “Operation Of A Computer With A Touch Screen Interface,” filed Sep. 16, 2005; (8) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/228,737, “Activating Virtual Keys Of A Touch-Screen Virtual Keyboard,” filed Sep. 16, 2005; and (9) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/367,749, “Multi-Functional Hand-Held Device,” filed Mar. 3, 2006. All of these applications are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

Touch screen 212 has, for example, a video resolution in excess of 100 dpi. In some embodiments, the touch screen has a video resolution of approximately 160 dpi. The user makes contact with touch screen 212 using any suitable object or appendage, such as a stylus, a finger, and so forth. In some embodiments, the user interface is designed to work primarily with finger-based contacts and gestures, which can be less precise than stylus-based input due to the larger area of contact of a finger on the touch screen. In some embodiments, the device translates the rough finger-based input into a precise pointer/cursor position or command for performing the actions desired by the user.

In some embodiments, in addition to the touch screen, device 200 includes a touchpad (not shown) for activating or deactivating particular functions. In some embodiments, the touchpad is a touch-sensitive area of the device that, unlike the touch screen, does not display visual output. The touchpad is a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from touch screen 212 or an extension of the touch-sensitive surface formed by the touch screen.

Device 200 also includes power system 262 for powering the various components. Power system 262 includes a power management system, one or more power sources (e.g., battery, alternating current (AC)), a recharging system, a power failure detection circuit, a power converter or inverter, a power status indicator (e.g., a light-emitting diode (LED)) and any other components associated with the generation, management and distribution of power in portable devices.

Device 200 also includes one or more optical sensors 264. FIG. 2A shows an optical sensor coupled to optical sensor controller 258 in I/O subsystem 206. Optical sensor 264 includes charge-coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) phototransistors. Optical sensor 264 receives light from the environment, projected through one or more lenses, and converts the light to data representing an image. In conjunction with imaging module 243 (also called a camera module), optical sensor 264 captures still images or video. In some embodiments, an optical sensor is located on the back of device 200, opposite touch screen display 212 on the front of the device so that the touch screen display is used as a viewfinder for still and/or video image acquisition. In some embodiments, an optical sensor is located on the front of the device so that the user's image is obtained for video conferencing while the user views the other video conference participants on the touch screen display. In some embodiments, the position of optical sensor 264 can be changed by the user (e.g., by rotating the lens and the sensor in the device housing) so that a single optical sensor 264 is used along with the touch screen display for both video conferencing and still and/or video image acquisition.

Device 200 optionally also includes one or more contact intensity sensors 265. FIG. 2A shows a contact intensity sensor coupled to intensity sensor controller 259 in I/O subsystem 206. Contact intensity sensor 265 optionally includes one or more piezoresistive strain gauges, capacitive force sensors, electric force sensors, piezoelectric force sensors, optical force sensors, capacitive touch-sensitive surfaces, or other intensity sensors (e.g., sensors used to measure the force (or pressure) of a contact on a touch-sensitive surface). Contact intensity sensor 265 receives contact intensity information (e.g., pressure information or a proxy for pressure information) from the environment. In some embodiments, at least one contact intensity sensor is collocated with, or proximate to, a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive display system 212). In some embodiments, at least one contact intensity sensor is located on the back of device 200, opposite touch screen display 212, which is located on the front of device 200.

Device 200 also includes one or more proximity sensors 266. FIG. 2A shows proximity sensor 266 coupled to peripherals interface 218. Alternately, proximity sensor 266 is coupled to input controller 260 in I/O subsystem 206. Proximity sensor 266 is performed as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/241,839, “Proximity Detector In Handheld Device”; Ser. No. 11/240,788, “Proximity Detector In Handheld Device”; Ser. No. 11/620,702, “Using Ambient Light Sensor To Augment Proximity Sensor Output”; Ser. No. 11/586,862, “Automated Response To And Sensing Of User Activity In Portable Devices”; and Ser. No. 11/638,251, “Methods And Systems For Automatic Configuration Of Peripherals,” which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. In some embodiments, the proximity sensor turns off and disables touch screen 212 when the multifunction device is placed near the user's ear (e.g., when the user is making a phone call).

Device 200 optionally also includes one or more tactile output generators 267. FIG. 2A shows a tactile output generator coupled to haptic feedback controller 261 in I/O subsystem 206. Tactile output generator 267 optionally includes one or more electroacoustic devices such as speakers or other audio components and/or electromechanical devices that convert energy into linear motion such as a motor, solenoid, electroactive polymer, piezoelectric actuator, electrostatic actuator, or other tactile output generating component (e.g., a component that converts electrical signals into tactile outputs on the device). Contact intensity sensor 265 receives tactile feedback generation instructions from haptic feedback module 233 and generates tactile outputs on device 200 that are capable of being sensed by a user of device 200. In some embodiments, at least one tactile output generator is collocated with, or proximate to, a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive display system 212) and, optionally, generates a tactile output by moving the touch-sensitive surface vertically (e.g., in/out of a surface of device 200) or laterally (e.g., back and forth in the same plane as a surface of device 200). In some embodiments, at least one tactile output generator sensor is located on the back of device 200, opposite touch screen display 212, which is located on the front of device 200.

Device 200 also includes one or more accelerometers 268. FIG. 2A shows accelerometer 268 coupled to peripherals interface 218. Alternately, accelerometer 268 is coupled to an input controller 260 in I/O subsystem 206. Accelerometer 268 performs, for example, as described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050190059, “Acceleration-based Theft Detection System for Portable Electronic Devices,” and U.S. Patent Publication No. 20060017692, “Methods And Apparatuses For Operating A Portable Device Based On An Accelerometer,” both of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. In some embodiments, information is displayed on the touch screen display in a portrait view or a landscape view based on an analysis of data received from the one or more accelerometers. Device 200 optionally includes, in addition to accelerometer(s) 268, a magnetometer (not shown) and a GPS (or GLONASS or other global navigation system) receiver (not shown) for obtaining information concerning the location and orientation (e.g., portrait or landscape) of device 200.

In some embodiments, the software components stored in memory 202 include operating system 226, communication module (or set of instructions) 228, contact/motion module (or set of instructions) 230, graphics module (or set of instructions) 232, text input module (or set of instructions) 234, Global Positioning System (GPS) module (or set of instructions) 235, Digital Assistant Client Module 229, and applications (or sets of instructions) 236. Further, memory 202 stores data and models, such as user data and models 231. Furthermore, in some embodiments, memory 202 (FIG. 2A) or 470 (FIG. 4) stores device/global internal state 257, as shown in FIGS. 2A and 4. Device/global internal state 257 includes one or more of: active application state, indicating which applications, if any, are currently active; display state, indicating what applications, views or other information occupy various regions of touch screen display 212; sensor state, including information obtained from the device's various sensors and input control devices 216; and location information concerning the device's location and/or attitude.

Operating system 226 (e.g., Darwin, RTXC, LINUX, UNIX, OS X, iOS, WINDOWS, or an embedded operating system such as VxWorks) includes various software components and/or drivers for controlling and managing general system tasks (e.g., memory management, storage device control, power management, etc.) and facilitates communication between various hardware and software components.

Communication module 228 facilitates communication with other devices over one or more external ports 224 and also includes various software components for handling data received by RF circuitry 208 and/or external port 224. External port 224 (e.g., Universal Serial Bus (USB), FIREWIRE, etc.) is adapted for coupling directly to other devices or indirectly over a network (e.g., the Internet, wireless LAN, etc.). In some embodiments, the external port is a multi-pin (e.g., 30-pin) connector that is the same as, or similar to and/or compatible with, the 30-pin connector used on iPod® (trademark of Apple Inc.) devices.

Contact/motion module 230 optionally detects contact with touch screen 212 (in conjunction with display controller 256) and other touch-sensitive devices (e.g., a touchpad or physical click wheel). Contact/motion module 230 includes various software components for performing various operations related to detection of contact, such as determining if contact has occurred (e.g., detecting a finger-down event), determining an intensity of the contact (e.g., the force or pressure of the contact or a substitute for the force or pressure of the contact), determining if there is movement of the contact and tracking the movement across the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., detecting one or more finger-dragging events), and determining if the contact has ceased (e.g., detecting a finger-up event or a break in contact). Contact/motion module 230 receives contact data from the touch-sensitive surface. Determining movement of the point of contact, which is represented by a series of contact data, optionally includes determining speed (magnitude), velocity (magnitude and direction), and/or an acceleration (a change in magnitude and/or direction) of the point of contact. These operations are, optionally, applied to single contacts (e.g., one finger contacts) or to multiple simultaneous contacts (e.g., “multitouch”/multiple finger contacts). In some embodiments, contact/motion module 230 and display controller 256 detect contact on a touchpad.

In some embodiments, contact/motion module 230 uses a set of one or more intensity thresholds to determine whether an operation has been performed by a user (e.g., to determine whether a user has “clicked” on an icon). In some embodiments, at least a subset of the intensity thresholds are determined in accordance with software parameters (e.g., the intensity thresholds are not determined by the activation thresholds of particular physical actuators and can be adjusted without changing the physical hardware of device 200). For example, a mouse “click” threshold of a trackpad or touch screen display can be set to any of a large range of predefined threshold values without changing the trackpad or touch screen display hardware. Additionally, in some implementations, a user of the device is provided with software settings for adjusting one or more of the set of intensity thresholds (e.g., by adjusting individual intensity thresholds and/or by adjusting a plurality of intensity thresholds at once with a system-level click “intensity” parameter).

Contact/motion module 230 optionally detects a gesture input by a user. Different gestures on the touch-sensitive surface have different contact patterns (e.g., different motions, timings, and/or intensities of detected contacts). Thus, a gesture is, optionally, detected by detecting a particular contact pattern. For example, detecting a finger tap gesture includes detecting a finger-down event followed by detecting a finger-up (liftoff) event at the same position (or substantially the same position) as the finger-down event (e.g., at the position of an icon). As another example, detecting a finger swipe gesture on the touch-sensitive surface includes detecting a finger-down event followed by detecting one or more finger-dragging events, and subsequently followed by detecting a finger-up (liftoff) event.

Graphics module 232 includes various known software components for rendering and displaying graphics on touch screen 212 or other display, including components for changing the visual impact (e.g., brightness, transparency, saturation, contrast, or other visual property) of graphics that are displayed. As used herein, the term “graphics” includes any object that can be displayed to a user, including, without limitation, text, web pages, icons (such as user-interface objects including soft keys), digital images, videos, animations, and the like.

In some embodiments, graphics module 232 stores data representing graphics to be used. Each graphic is, optionally, assigned a corresponding code. Graphics module 232 receives, from applications etc., one or more codes specifying graphics to be displayed along with, if necessary, coordinate data and other graphic property data, and then generates screen image data to output to display controller 256.

Haptic feedback module 233 includes various software components for generating instructions used by tactile output generator(s) 267 to produce tactile outputs at one or more locations on device 200 in response to user interactions with device 200.

Text input module 234, which is, in some examples, a component of graphics module 232, provides soft keyboards for entering text in various applications (e.g., contacts 237, email 240, IM 241, browser 247, and any other application that needs text input).

GPS module 235 determines the location of the device and provides this information for use in various applications (e.g., to telephone 238 for use in location-based dialing; to camera 243 as picture/video metadata; and to applications that provide location-based services such as weather widgets, local yellow page widgets, and map/navigation widgets).

Digital assistant client module 229 includes various client-side digital assistant instructions to provide the client-side functionalities of the digital assistant. For example, digital assistant client module 229 is capable of accepting voice input (e.g., speech input), text input, touch input, and/or gestural input through various user interfaces (e.g., microphone 213, accelerometer(s) 268, touch-sensitive display system 212, optical sensor(s) 229, other input control devices 216, etc.) of portable multifunction device 200. Digital assistant client module 229 is also capable of providing output in audio (e.g., speech output), visual, and/or tactile forms through various output interfaces (e.g., speaker 211, touch-sensitive display system 212, tactile output generator(s) 267, etc.) of portable multifunction device 200. For example, output is provided as voice, sound, alerts, text messages, menus, graphics, videos, animations, vibrations, and/or combinations of two or more of the above. During operation, digital assistant client module 229 communicates with DA server 106 using RF circuitry 208.

User data and models 231 include various data associated with the user (e.g., user-specific vocabulary data, user preference data, user-specified name pronunciations, data from the user's electronic address book, to-do lists, shopping lists, etc.) to provide the client-side functionalities of the digital assistant. Further, user data and models 231 include various models (e.g., speech recognition models, statistical language models, natural language processing models, ontology, task flow models, service models, etc.) for processing user input and determining user intent.

In some examples, digital assistant client module 229 utilizes the various sensors, subsystems, and peripheral devices of portable multifunction device 200 to gather additional information from the surrounding environment of the portable multifunction device 200 to establish a context associated with a user, the current user interaction, and/or the current user input. In some examples, digital assistant client module 229 provides the contextual information or a subset thereof with the user input to DA server 106 to help infer the user's intent. In some examples, the digital assistant also uses the contextual information to determine how to prepare and deliver outputs to the user. Contextual information is referred to as context data.

In some examples, the contextual information that accompanies the user input includes sensor information, e.g., lighting, ambient noise, ambient temperature, images or videos of the surrounding environment, etc. In some examples, the contextual information can also includes the physical state of the device, e.g., device orientation, device location, device temperature, power level, speed, acceleration, motion patterns, cellular signals strength, etc. In some examples, information related to the software state of DA server 106, e.g., running processes, installed programs, past and present network activities, background services, error logs, resources usage, etc., and of portable multifunction device 200 is provided to DA server 106 as contextual information associated with a user input.

In some examples, the digital assistant client module 229 selectively provides information (e.g., user data 231) stored on the portable multifunction device 200 in response to requests from DA server 106. In some examples, digital assistant client module 229 also elicits additional input from the user via a natural language dialogue or other user interfaces upon request by DA server 106. Digital assistant client module 229 passes the additional input to DA server 106 to help DA server 106 in intent deduction and/or fulfillment of the user's intent expressed in the user request.

A more detailed description of a digital assistant is described below with reference to FIGS. 7A-C. It should be recognized that digital assistant client module 229 can include any number of the sub-modules of digital assistant module 726 described below.

Applications 236 include the following modules (or sets of instructions), or a subset or superset thereof:

-   -   Contacts module 237 (sometimes called an address book or contact         list);     -   Telephone module 238;     -   Video conference module 239;     -   E-mail client module 240;     -   Instant messaging (IM) module 241;     -   Workout support module 242;     -   Camera module 243 for still and/or video images;     -   Image management module 244;     -   Video player module;     -   Music player module;     -   Browser module 247;     -   Calendar module 248;     -   Widget modules 249, which includes, in some examples, one or         more of: weather widget 249-1, stocks widget 249-2, calculator         widget 249-3, alarm clock widget 249-4, dictionary widget 249-5,         and other widgets obtained by the user, as well as user-created         widgets 249-6;     -   Widget creator module 250 for making user-created widgets 249-6;     -   Search module 251;     -   Video and music player module 252, which merges video player         module and music player module;     -   Notes module 253;     -   Map module 254; and/or     -   Online video module 255.

Examples of other applications 236 that are stored in memory 202 include other word processing applications, other image editing applications, drawing applications, presentation applications, JAVA-enabled applications, encryption, digital rights management, voice recognition, and voice replication.

In conjunction with touch screen 212, display controller 256, contact/motion module 230, graphics module 232, and text input module 234, contacts module 237 are used to manage an address book or contact list (e.g., stored in application internal state 292 of contacts module 237 in memory 202 or memory 470), including: adding name(s) to the address book; deleting name(s) from the address book; associating telephone number(s), e-mail address(es), physical address(es) or other information with a name; associating an image with a name; categorizing and sorting names; providing telephone numbers or e-mail addresses to initiate and/or facilitate communications by telephone 238, video conference module 239, e-mail 240, or IM 241; and so forth.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 208, audio circuitry 210, speaker 211, microphone 213, touch screen 212, display controller 256, contact/motion module 230, graphics module 232, and text input module 234, telephone module 238 are used to enter a sequence of characters corresponding to a telephone number, access one or more telephone numbers in contacts module 237, modify a telephone number that has been entered, dial a respective telephone number, conduct a conversation, and disconnect or hang up when the conversation is completed. As noted above, the wireless communication uses any of a plurality of communications standards, protocols, and technologies.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 208, audio circuitry 210, speaker 211, microphone 213, touch screen 212, display controller 256, optical sensor 264, optical sensor controller 258, contact/motion module 230, graphics module 232, text input module 234, contacts module 237, and telephone module 238, video conference module 239 includes executable instructions to initiate, conduct, and terminate a video conference between a user and one or more other participants in accordance with user instructions.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 208, touch screen 212, display controller 256, contact/motion module 230, graphics module 232, and text input module 234, e-mail client module 240 includes executable instructions to create, send, receive, and manage e-mail in response to user instructions. In conjunction with image management module 244, e-mail client module 240 makes it very easy to create and send e-mails with still or video images taken with camera module 243.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 208, touch screen 212, display controller 256, contact/motion module 230, graphics module 232, and text input module 234, the instant messaging module 241 includes executable instructions to enter a sequence of characters corresponding to an instant message, to modify previously entered characters, to transmit a respective instant message (for example, using a Short Message Service (SMS) or Multimedia Message Service (MMS) protocol for telephony-based instant messages or using XMPP, SIMPLE, or IMPS for Internet-based instant messages), to receive instant messages, and to view received instant messages. In some embodiments, transmitted and/or received instant messages include graphics, photos, audio files, video files and/or other attachments as are supported in an MMS and/or an Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS). As used herein, “instant messaging” refers to both telephony-based messages (e.g., messages sent using SMS or MMS) and Internet-based messages (e.g., messages sent using XMPP, SIMPLE, or IMPS).

In conjunction with RF circuitry 208, touch screen 212, display controller 256, contact/motion module 230, graphics module 232, text input module 234, GPS module 235, map module 254, and music player module, workout support module 242 includes executable instructions to create workouts (e.g., with time, distance, and/or calorie burning goals); communicate with workout sensors (sports devices); receive workout sensor data; calibrate sensors used to monitor a workout; select and play music for a workout; and display, store, and transmit workout data.

In conjunction with touch screen 212, display controller 256, optical sensor(s) 264, optical sensor controller 258, contact/motion module 230, graphics module 232, and image management module 244, camera module 243 includes executable instructions to capture still images or video (including a video stream) and store them into memory 202, modify characteristics of a still image or video, or delete a still image or video from memory 202.

In conjunction with touch screen 212, display controller 256, contact/motion module 230, graphics module 232, text input module 234, and camera module 243, image management module 244 includes executable instructions to arrange, modify (e.g., edit), or otherwise manipulate, label, delete, present (e.g., in a digital slide show or album), and store still and/or video images.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 208, touch screen 212, display controller 256, contact/motion module 230, graphics module 232, and text input module 234, browser module 247 includes executable instructions to browse the Internet in accordance with user instructions, including searching, linking to, receiving, and displaying web pages or portions thereof, as well as attachments and other files linked to web pages.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 208, touch screen 212, display controller 256, contact/motion module 230, graphics module 232, text input module 234, e-mail client module 240, and browser module 247, calendar module 248 includes executable instructions to create, display, modify, and store calendars and data associated with calendars (e.g., calendar entries, to-do lists, etc.) in accordance with user instructions.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 208, touch screen 212, display controller 256, contact/motion module 230, graphics module 232, text input module 234, and browser module 247, widget modules 249 are mini-applications that can be downloaded and used by a user (e.g., weather widget 249-1, stocks widget 249-2, calculator widget 249-3, alarm clock widget 249-4, and dictionary widget 249-5) or created by the user (e.g., user-created widget 249-6). In some embodiments, a widget includes an HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) file, a CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) file, and a JavaScript file. In some embodiments, a widget includes an XML (Extensible Markup Language) file and a JavaScript file (e.g., Yahoo! Widgets).

In conjunction with RF circuitry 208, touch screen 212, display controller 256, contact/motion module 230, graphics module 232, text input module 234, and browser module 247, the widget creator module 250 are used by a user to create widgets (e.g., turning a user-specified portion of a web page into a widget).

In conjunction with touch screen 212, display controller 256, contact/motion module 230, graphics module 232, and text input module 234, search module 251 includes executable instructions to search for text, music, sound, image, video, and/or other files in memory 202 that match one or more search criteria (e.g., one or more user-specified search terms) in accordance with user instructions.

In conjunction with touch screen 212, display controller 256, contact/motion module 230, graphics module 232, audio circuitry 210, speaker 211, RF circuitry 208, and browser module 247, video and music player module 252 includes executable instructions that allow the user to download and play back recorded music and other sound files stored in one or more file formats, such as MP3 or AAC files, and executable instructions to display, present, or otherwise play back videos (e.g., on touch screen 212 or on an external, connected display via external port 224). In some embodiments, device 200 optionally includes the functionality of an MP3 player, such as an iPod (trademark of Apple Inc.).

In conjunction with touch screen 212, display controller 256, contact/motion module 230, graphics module 232, and text input module 234, notes module 253 includes executable instructions to create and manage notes, to-do lists, and the like in accordance with user instructions.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 208, touch screen 212, display controller 256, contact/motion module 230, graphics module 232, text input module 234, GPS module 235, and browser module 247, map module 254 are used to receive, display, modify, and store maps and data associated with maps (e.g., driving directions, data on stores and other points of interest at or near a particular location, and other location-based data) in accordance with user instructions.

In conjunction with touch screen 212, display controller 256, contact/motion module 230, graphics module 232, audio circuitry 210, speaker 211, RF circuitry 208, text input module 234, e-mail client module 240, and browser module 247, online video module 255 includes instructions that allow the user to access, browse, receive (e.g., by streaming and/or download), play back (e.g., on the touch screen or on an external, connected display via external port 224), send an e-mail with a link to a particular online video, and otherwise manage online videos in one or more file formats, such as H.264. In some embodiments, instant messaging module 241, rather than e-mail client module 240, is used to send a link to a particular online video. Additional description of the online video application can be found in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/936,562, “Portable Multifunction Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for Playing Online Videos,” filed Jun. 20, 2007, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/968,067, “Portable Multifunction Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for Playing Online Videos,” filed Dec. 31, 2007, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Each of the above-identified modules and applications corresponds to a set of executable instructions for performing one or more functions described above and the methods described in this application (e.g., the computer-implemented methods and other information processing methods described herein). These modules (e.g., sets of instructions) need not be implemented as separate software programs, procedures, or modules, and thus various subsets of these modules can be combined or otherwise rearranged in various embodiments. For example, video player module can be combined with music player module into a single module (e.g., video and music player module 252, FIG. 2A). In some embodiments, memory 202 stores a subset of the modules and data structures identified above. Furthermore, memory 202 stores additional modules and data structures not described above.

In some embodiments, device 200 is a device where operation of a predefined set of functions on the device is performed exclusively through a touch screen and/or a touchpad. By using a touch screen and/or a touchpad as the primary input control device for operation of device 200, the number of physical input control devices (such as push buttons, dials, and the like) on device 200 is reduced.

The predefined set of functions that are performed exclusively through a touch screen and/or a touchpad optionally include navigation between user interfaces. In some embodiments, the touchpad, when touched by the user, navigates device 200 to a main, home, or root menu from any user interface that is displayed on device 200. In such embodiments, a “menu button” is implemented using a touchpad. In some other embodiments, the menu button is a physical push button or other physical input control device instead of a touchpad.

FIG. 2B is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components for event handling in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, memory 202 (FIG. 2A) or 470 (FIG. 4) includes event sorter 270 (e.g., in operating system 226) and a respective application 236-1 (e.g., any of the aforementioned applications 237-251, 255, 480-490).

Event sorter 270 receives event information and determines the application 236-1 and application view 291 of application 236-1 to which to deliver the event information. Event sorter 270 includes event monitor 271 and event dispatcher module 274. In some embodiments, application 236-1 includes application internal state 292, which indicates the current application view(s) displayed on touch-sensitive display 212 when the application is active or executing. In some embodiments, device/global internal state 257 is used by event sorter 270 to determine which application(s) is (are) currently active, and application internal state 292 is used by event sorter 270 to determine application views 291 to which to deliver event information.

In some embodiments, application internal state 292 includes additional information, such as one or more of: resume information to be used when application 236-1 resumes execution, user interface state information that indicates information being displayed or that is ready for display by application 236-1, a state queue for enabling the user to go back to a prior state or view of application 236-1, and a redo/undo queue of previous actions taken by the user.

Event monitor 271 receives event information from peripherals interface 218. Event information includes information about a sub-event (e.g., a user touch on touch-sensitive display 212, as part of a multi-touch gesture). Peripherals interface 218 transmits information it receives from I/O subsystem 206 or a sensor, such as proximity sensor 266, accelerometer(s) 268, and/or microphone 213 (through audio circuitry 210). Information that peripherals interface 218 receives from I/O subsystem 206 includes information from touch-sensitive display 212 or a touch-sensitive surface.

In some embodiments, event monitor 271 sends requests to the peripherals interface 218 at predetermined intervals. In response, peripherals interface 218 transmits event information. In other embodiments, peripherals interface 218 transmits event information only when there is a significant event (e.g., receiving an input above a predetermined noise threshold and/or for more than a predetermined duration).

In some embodiments, event sorter 270 also includes a hit view determination module 272 and/or an active event recognizer determination module 273.

Hit view determination module 272 provides software procedures for determining where a sub-event has taken place within one or more views when touch-sensitive display 212 displays more than one view. Views are made up of controls and other elements that a user can see on the display.

Another aspect of the user interface associated with an application is a set of views, sometimes herein called application views or user interface windows, in which information is displayed and touch-based gestures occur. The application views (of a respective application) in which a touch is detected correspond to programmatic levels within a programmatic or view hierarchy of the application. For example, the lowest level view in which a touch is detected is called the hit view, and the set of events that are recognized as proper inputs is determined based, at least in part, on the hit view of the initial touch that begins a touch-based gesture.

Hit view determination module 272 receives information related to sub events of a touch-based gesture. When an application has multiple views organized in a hierarchy, hit view determination module 272 identifies a hit view as the lowest view in the hierarchy which should handle the sub-event. In most circumstances, the hit view is the lowest level view in which an initiating sub-event occurs (e.g., the first sub-event in the sequence of sub-events that form an event or potential event). Once the hit view is identified by the hit view determination module 272, the hit view typically receives all sub-events related to the same touch or input source for which it was identified as the hit view.

Active event recognizer determination module 273 determines which view or views within a view hierarchy should receive a particular sequence of sub-events. In some embodiments, active event recognizer determination module 273 determines that only the hit view should receive a particular sequence of sub-events. In other embodiments, active event recognizer determination module 273 determines that all views that include the physical location of a sub-event are actively involved views, and therefore determines that all actively involved views should receive a particular sequence of sub-events. In other embodiments, even if touch sub-events were entirely confined to the area associated with one particular view, views higher in the hierarchy would still remain as actively involved views.

Event dispatcher module 274 dispatches the event information to an event recognizer (e.g., event recognizer 280). In embodiments including active event recognizer determination module 273, event dispatcher module 274 delivers the event information to an event recognizer determined by active event recognizer determination module 273. In some embodiments, event dispatcher module 274 stores in an event queue the event information, which is retrieved by a respective event receiver 282.

In some embodiments, operating system 226 includes event sorter 270. Alternatively, application 236-1 includes event sorter 270. In yet other embodiments, event sorter 270 is a stand-alone module, or a part of another module stored in memory 202, such as contact/motion module 230.

In some embodiments, application 236-1 includes a plurality of event handlers 290 and one or more application views 291, each of which includes instructions for handling touch events that occur within a respective view of the application's user interface. Each application view 291 of the application 236-1 includes one or more event recognizers 280. Typically, a respective application view 291 includes a plurality of event recognizers 280. In other embodiments, one or more of event recognizers 280 are part of a separate module, such as a user interface kit (not shown) or a higher level object from which application 236-1 inherits methods and other properties. In some embodiments, a respective event handler 290 includes one or more of: data updater 276, object updater 277, GUI updater 278, and/or event data 279 received from event sorter 270. Event handler 290 utilizes or calls data updater 276, object updater 277, or GUI updater 278 to update the application internal state 292. Alternatively, one or more of the application views 291 include one or more respective event handlers 290. Also, in some embodiments, one or more of data updater 276, object updater 277, and GUI updater 278 are included in a respective application view 291.

A respective event recognizer 280 receives event information (e.g., event data 279) from event sorter 270 and identifies an event from the event information. Event recognizer 280 includes event receiver 282 and event comparator 284. In some embodiments, event recognizer 280 also includes at least a subset of: metadata 283, and event delivery instructions 288 (which include sub-event delivery instructions).

Event receiver 282 receives event information from event sorter 270. The event information includes information about a sub-event, for example, a touch or a touch movement. Depending on the sub-event, the event information also includes additional information, such as location of the sub-event. When the sub-event concerns motion of a touch, the event information also includes speed and direction of the sub-event. In some embodiments, events include rotation of the device from one orientation to another (e.g., from a portrait orientation to a landscape orientation, or vice versa), and the event information includes corresponding information about the current orientation (also called device attitude) of the device.

Event comparator 284 compares the event information to predefined event or sub-event definitions and, based on the comparison, determines an event or sub event, or determines or updates the state of an event or sub-event. In some embodiments, event comparator 284 includes event definitions 286. Event definitions 286 contain definitions of events (e.g., predefined sequences of sub-events), for example, event 1 (287-1), event 2 (287-2), and others. In some embodiments, sub-events in an event (287) include, for example, touch begin, touch end, touch movement, touch cancellation, and multiple touching. In one example, the definition for event 1 (287-1) is a double tap on a displayed object. The double tap, for example, comprises a first touch (touch begin) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, a first liftoff (touch end) for a predetermined phase, a second touch (touch begin) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, and a second liftoff (touch end) for a predetermined phase. In another example, the definition for event 2 (287-2) is a dragging on a displayed object. The dragging, for example, comprises a touch (or contact) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, a movement of the touch across touch-sensitive display 212, and liftoff of the touch (touch end). In some embodiments, the event also includes information for one or more associated event handlers 290.

In some embodiments, event definition 287 includes a definition of an event for a respective user-interface object. In some embodiments, event comparator 284 performs a hit test to determine which user-interface object is associated with a sub-event. For example, in an application view in which three user-interface objects are displayed on touch-sensitive display 212, when a touch is detected on touch-sensitive display 212, event comparator 284 performs a hit test to determine which of the three user-interface objects is associated with the touch (sub-event). If each displayed object is associated with a respective event handler 290, the event comparator uses the result of the hit test to determine which event handler 290 should be activated. For example, event comparator 284 selects an event handler associated with the sub-event and the object triggering the hit test.

In some embodiments, the definition for a respective event (287) also includes delayed actions that delay delivery of the event information until after it has been determined whether the sequence of sub-events does or does not correspond to the event recognizer's event type.

When a respective event recognizer 280 determines that the series of sub-events do not match any of the events in event definitions 286, the respective event recognizer 280 enters an event impossible, event failed, or event ended state, after which it disregards subsequent sub-events of the touch-based gesture. In this situation, other event recognizers, if any, that remain active for the hit view continue to track and process sub-events of an ongoing touch-based gesture.

In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer 280 includes metadata 283 with configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate how the event delivery system should perform sub-event delivery to actively involved event recognizers. In some embodiments, metadata 283 includes configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate how event recognizers interact, or are enabled to interact, with one another. In some embodiments, metadata 283 includes configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate whether sub-events are delivered to varying levels in the view or programmatic hierarchy.

In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer 280 activates event handler 290 associated with an event when one or more particular sub-events of an event are recognized. In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer 280 delivers event information associated with the event to event handler 290. Activating an event handler 290 is distinct from sending (and deferred sending) sub-events to a respective hit view. In some embodiments, event recognizer 280 throws a flag associated with the recognized event, and event handler 290 associated with the flag catches the flag and performs a predefined process.

In some embodiments, event delivery instructions 288 include sub-event delivery instructions that deliver event information about a sub-event without activating an event handler. Instead, the sub-event delivery instructions deliver event information to event handlers associated with the series of sub-events or to actively involved views. Event handlers associated with the series of sub-events or with actively involved views receive the event information and perform a predetermined process.

In some embodiments, data updater 276 creates and updates data used in application 236-1. For example, data updater 276 updates the telephone number used in contacts module 237, or stores a video file used in video player module. In some embodiments, object updater 277 creates and updates objects used in application 236-1. For example, object updater 277 creates a new user-interface object or updates the position of a user-interface object. GUI updater 278 updates the GUI. For example, GUI updater 278 prepares display information and sends it to graphics module 232 for display on a touch-sensitive display.

In some embodiments, event handler(s) 290 includes or has access to data updater 276, object updater 277, and GUI updater 278. In some embodiments, data updater 276, object updater 277, and GUI updater 278 are included in a single module of a respective application 236-1 or application view 291. In other embodiments, they are included in two or more software modules.

It shall be understood that the foregoing discussion regarding event handling of user touches on touch-sensitive displays also applies to other forms of user inputs to operate multifunction devices 200 with input devices, not all of which are initiated on touch screens. For example, mouse movement and mouse button presses, optionally coordinated with single or multiple keyboard presses or holds; contact movements such as taps, drags, scrolls, etc. on touchpads; pen stylus inputs; movement of the device; oral instructions; detected eye movements; biometric inputs; and/or any combination thereof are optionally utilized as inputs corresponding to sub-events which define an event to be recognized.

FIG. 3 illustrates a portable multifunction device 200 having a touch screen 212 in accordance with some embodiments. The touch screen optionally displays one or more graphics within user interface (UI) 300. In this embodiment, as well as others described below, a user is enabled to select one or more of the graphics by making a gesture on the graphics, for example, with one or more fingers 302 (not drawn to scale in the figure) or one or more styluses 303 (not drawn to scale in the figure). In some embodiments, selection of one or more graphics occurs when the user breaks contact with the one or more graphics. In some embodiments, the gesture optionally includes one or more taps, one or more swipes (from left to right, right to left, upward and/or downward), and/or a rolling of a finger (from right to left, left to right, upward and/or downward) that has made contact with device 200. In some implementations or circumstances, inadvertent contact with a graphic does not select the graphic. For example, a swipe gesture that sweeps over an application icon optionally does not select the corresponding application when the gesture corresponding to selection is a tap.

Device 200 also includes one or more physical buttons, such as “home” or menu button 304. As described previously, menu button 304 is used to navigate to any application 236 in a set of applications that is executed on device 200. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the menu button is implemented as a soft key in a GUI displayed on touch screen 212.

In one embodiment, device 200 includes touch screen 212, menu button 304, push button 306 for powering the device on/off and locking the device, volume adjustment button(s) 308, subscriber identity module (SIM) card slot 310, headset jack 312, and docking/charging external port 224. Push button 306 is, optionally, used to turn the power on/off on the device by depressing the button and holding the button in the depressed state for a predefined time interval; to lock the device by depressing the button and releasing the button before the predefined time interval has elapsed; and/or to unlock the device or initiate an unlock process. In an alternative embodiment, device 200 also accepts verbal input for activation or deactivation of some functions through microphone 213. Device 200 also, optionally, includes one or more contact intensity sensors 265 for detecting intensity of contacts on touch screen 212 and/or one or more tactile output generators 267 for generating tactile outputs for a user of device 200.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an exemplary multifunction device with a display and a touch-sensitive surface in accordance with some embodiments. Device 400 need not be portable. In some embodiments, device 400 is a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a tablet computer, a multimedia player device, a navigation device, an educational device (such as a child's learning toy), a gaming system, or a control device (e.g., a home or industrial controller). Device 400 typically includes one or more processing units (CPUs) 410, one or more network or other communications interfaces 460, memory 470, and one or more communication buses 420 for interconnecting these components. Communication buses 420 optionally include circuitry (sometimes called a chipset) that interconnects and controls communications between system components. Device 400 includes input/output (I/O) interface 430 comprising display 440, which is typically a touch screen display. I/O interface 430 also optionally includes a keyboard and/or mouse (or other pointing device) 450 and touchpad 455, tactile output generator 457 for generating tactile outputs on device 400 (e.g., similar to tactile output generator(s) 267 described above with reference to FIG. 2A), sensors 459 (e.g., optical, acceleration, proximity, touch-sensitive, and/or contact intensity sensors similar to contact intensity sensor(s) 265 described above with reference to FIG. 2A). Memory 470 includes high-speed random access memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, DDR RAM, or other random access solid state memory devices; and optionally includes non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, optical disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid state storage devices. Memory 470 optionally includes one or more storage devices remotely located from CPU(s) 410. In some embodiments, memory 470 stores programs, modules, and data structures analogous to the programs, modules, and data structures stored in memory 202 of portable multifunction device 200 (FIG. 2A), or a subset thereof. Furthermore, memory 470 optionally stores additional programs, modules, and data structures not present in memory 202 of portable multifunction device 200. For example, memory 470 of device 400 optionally stores drawing module 480, presentation module 482, word processing module 484, website creation module 486, disk authoring module 488, and/or spreadsheet module 490, while memory 202 of portable multifunction device 200 (FIG. 2A) optionally does not store these modules.

Each of the above-identified elements in FIG. 4 is, in some examples, stored in one or more of the previously mentioned memory devices. Each of the above-identified modules corresponds to a set of instructions for performing a function described above. The above-identified modules or programs (e.g., sets of instructions) need not be implemented as separate software programs, procedures, or modules, and thus various subsets of these modules are combined or otherwise rearranged in various embodiments. In some embodiments, memory 470 stores a subset of the modules and data structures identified above. Furthermore, memory 470 stores additional modules and data structures not described above.

Attention is now directed towards embodiments of user interfaces that can be implemented on, for example, portable multifunction device 200.

FIG. 5A illustrates an exemplary user interface for a menu of applications on portable multifunction device 200 in accordance with some embodiments. Similar user interfaces are implemented on device 400. In some embodiments, user interface 500 includes the following elements, or a subset or superset thereof:

Signal strength indicator(s) 502 for wireless communication(s), such as cellular and Wi-Fi signals;

-   -   Time 504;     -   Bluetooth indicator 505;     -   Battery status indicator 506;     -   Tray 508 with icons for frequently used applications, such as:         -   Icon 516 for telephone module 238, labeled “Phone,” which             optionally includes an indicator 514 of the number of missed             calls or voicemail messages;         -   Icon 518 for e-mail client module 240, labeled “Mail,” which             optionally includes an indicator 510 of the number of unread             e-mails;         -   Icon 520 for browser module 247, labeled “Browser;” and         -   Icon 522 for video and music player module 252, also             referred to as iPod (trademark of Apple Inc.) module 252,             labeled “iPod;” and     -   Icons for other applications, such as:         -   Icon 524 for IM module 241, labeled “Messages;”         -   Icon 526 for calendar module 248, labeled “Calendar;”         -   Icon 528 for image management module 244, labeled “Photos;”         -   Icon 530 for camera module 243, labeled “Camera;”         -   Icon 532 for online video module 255, labeled “Online             Video;”         -   Icon 534 for stocks widget 249-2, labeled “Stocks;”         -   Icon 536 for map module 254, labeled “Maps;”         -   Icon 538 for weather widget 249-1, labeled “Weather;”         -   Icon 540 for alarm clock widget 249-4, labeled “Clock;”         -   Icon 542 for workout support module 242, labeled “Workout             Support;”         -   Icon 544 for notes module 253, labeled “Notes;” and         -   Icon 546 for a settings application or module, labeled             “Settings,” which provides access to settings for device 200             and its various applications 236.

It should be noted that the icon labels illustrated in FIG. 5A are merely exemplary. For example, icon 522 for video and music player module 252 is optionally labeled “Music” or “Music Player.” Other labels are, optionally, used for various application icons. In some embodiments, a label for a respective application icon includes a name of an application corresponding to the respective application icon. In some embodiments, a label for a particular application icon is distinct from a name of an application corresponding to the particular application icon.

FIG. 5B illustrates an exemplary user interface on a device (e.g., device 400, FIG. 4) with a touch-sensitive surface 551 (e.g., a tablet or touchpad 455, FIG. 4) that is separate from the display 550 (e.g., touch screen display 212). Device 400 also, optionally, includes one or more contact intensity sensors (e.g., one or more of sensors 457) for detecting intensity of contacts on touch-sensitive surface 551 and/or one or more tactile output generators 459 for generating tactile outputs for a user of device 400.

Although some of the examples which follow will be given with reference to inputs on touch screen display 212 (where the touch-sensitive surface and the display are combined), in some embodiments, the device detects inputs on a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from the display, as shown in FIG. 5B. In some embodiments, the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., 551 in FIG. 5B) has a primary axis (e.g., 552 in FIG. 5B) that corresponds to a primary axis (e.g., 553 in FIG. 5B) on the display (e.g., 550). In accordance with these embodiments, the device detects contacts (e.g., 560 and 562 in FIG. 5B) with the touch-sensitive surface 551 at locations that correspond to respective locations on the display (e.g., in FIG. 5B, 560 corresponds to 568 and 562 corresponds to 570). In this way, user inputs (e.g., contacts 560 and 562, and movements thereof) detected by the device on the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., 551 in FIG. 5B) are used by the device to manipulate the user interface on the display (e.g., 550 in FIG. 5B) of the multifunction device when the touch-sensitive surface is separate from the display. It should be understood that similar methods are, optionally, used for other user interfaces described herein.

Additionally, while the following examples are given primarily with reference to finger inputs (e.g., finger contacts, finger tap gestures, finger swipe gestures), it should be understood that, in some embodiments, one or more of the finger inputs are replaced with input from another input device (e.g., a mouse-based input or stylus input). For example, a swipe gesture is, optionally, replaced with a mouse click (e.g., instead of a contact) followed by movement of the cursor along the path of the swipe (e.g., instead of movement of the contact). As another example, a tap gesture is, optionally, replaced with a mouse click while the cursor is located over the location of the tap gesture (e.g., instead of detection of the contact followed by ceasing to detect the contact). Similarly, when multiple user inputs are simultaneously detected, it should be understood that multiple computer mice are, optionally, used simultaneously, or a mouse and finger contacts are, optionally, used simultaneously.

FIG. 6A illustrates exemplary personal electronic device 600. Device 600 includes body 602. In some embodiments, device 600 includes some or all of the features described with respect to devices 200 and 400 (e.g., FIGS. 2A-4B). In some embodiments, device 600 has touch-sensitive display screen 604, hereafter touch screen 604. Alternatively, or in addition to touch screen 604, device 600 has a display and a touch-sensitive surface. As with devices 200 and 400, in some embodiments, touch screen 604 (or the touch-sensitive surface) has one or more intensity sensors for detecting intensity of contacts (e.g., touches) being applied. The one or more intensity sensors of touch screen 604 (or the touch-sensitive surface) provide output data that represents the intensity of touches. The user interface of device 600 responds to touches based on their intensity, meaning that touches of different intensities can invoke different user interface operations on device 600.

Techniques for detecting and processing touch intensity are found, for example, in related applications: International Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US2013/040061, titled “Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for Displaying User Interface Objects Corresponding to an application,” filed May 8, 2013, and International Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US2013/069483, titled “Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for Transitioning Between Touch Input to Display Output Relationships,” filed Nov. 11, 2013, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

In some embodiments, device 600 has one or more input mechanisms 606 and 608. Input mechanisms 606 and 608, if included, are physical. Examples of physical input mechanisms include push buttons and rotatable mechanisms. In some embodiments, device 600 has one or more attachment mechanisms. Such attachment mechanisms, if included, can permit attachment of device 600 with, for example, hats, eyewear, earrings, necklaces, shirts, jackets, bracelets, watch straps, chains, trousers, belts, shoes, purses, backpacks, and so forth. These attachment mechanisms permit device 600 to be worn by a user.

FIG. 6B depicts exemplary personal electronic device 600. In some embodiments, device 600 includes some or all of the components described with respect to FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 4. Device 600 has bus 612 that operatively couples I/O section 614 with one or more computer processors 616 and memory 618. I/O section 614 is connected to display 604, which can have touch-sensitive component 622 and, optionally, touch-intensity sensitive component 624. In addition, I/O section 614 is connected with communication unit 630 for receiving application and operating system data, using Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, near field communication (NFC), cellular, and/or other wireless communication techniques. Device 600 includes input mechanisms 606 and/or 608. Input mechanism 606 is a rotatable input device or a depressible and rotatable input device, for example. Input mechanism 608 is a button, in some examples.

Input mechanism 608 is a microphone, in some examples. Personal electronic device 600 includes, for example, various sensors, such as GPS sensor 632, accelerometer 634, directional sensor 640 (e.g., compass), gyroscope 636, motion sensor 638, and/or a combination thereof, all of which are operatively connected to I/O section 614.

Memory 618 of personal electronic device 600 is a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, for storing computer-executable instructions, which, when executed by one or more computer processors 616, for example, cause the computer processors to perform the techniques and processes described below. The computer-executable instructions, for example, are also stored and/or transported within any non-transitory computer-readable storage medium for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device, such as a computer-based system, processor-containing system, or other system that can fetch the instructions from the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device and execute the instructions. Personal electronic device 600 is not limited to the components and configuration of FIG. 6B, but can include other or additional components in multiple configurations.

As used here, the term “affordance” refers to a user-interactive graphical user interface object that is, for example, displayed on the display screen of devices 200, 400, and/or 600 (FIGS. 2, 4, and 6). For example, an image (e.g., icon), a button, and text (e.g., hyperlink) each constitutes an affordance.

As used herein, the term “focus selector” refers to an input element that indicates a current part of a user interface with which a user is interacting. In some implementations that include a cursor or other location marker, the cursor acts as a “focus selector” so that when an input (e.g., a press input) is detected on a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touchpad 455 in FIG. 4 or touch-sensitive surface 551 in FIG. 5B) while the cursor is over a particular user interface element (e.g., a button, window, slider or other user interface element), the particular user interface element is adjusted in accordance with the detected input. In some implementations that include a touch screen display (e.g., touch-sensitive display system 212 in FIG. 2A or touch screen 212 in FIG. 5A) that enables direct interaction with user interface elements on the touch screen display, a detected contact on the touch screen acts as a “focus selector” so that when an input (e.g., a press input by the contact) is detected on the touch screen display at a location of a particular user interface element (e.g., a button, window, slider, or other user interface element), the particular user interface element is adjusted in accordance with the detected input. In some implementations, focus is moved from one region of a user interface to another region of the user interface without corresponding movement of a cursor or movement of a contact on a touch screen display (e.g., by using a tab key or arrow keys to move focus from one button to another button); in these implementations, the focus selector moves in accordance with movement of focus between different regions of the user interface. Without regard to the specific form taken by the focus selector, the focus selector is generally the user interface element (or contact on a touch screen display) that is controlled by the user so as to communicate the user's intended interaction with the user interface (e.g., by indicating, to the device, the element of the user interface with which the user is intending to interact). For example, the location of a focus selector (e.g., a cursor, a contact, or a selection box) over a respective button while a press input is detected on the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., a touchpad or touch screen) will indicate that the user is intending to activate the respective button (as opposed to other user interface elements shown on a display of the device).

As used in the specification and claims, the term “characteristic intensity” of a contact refers to a characteristic of the contact based on one or more intensities of the contact. In some embodiments, the characteristic intensity is based on multiple intensity samples. The characteristic intensity is, optionally, based on a predefined number of intensity samples, or a set of intensity samples collected during a predetermined time period (e.g., 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10 seconds) relative to a predefined event (e.g., after detecting the contact, prior to detecting liftoff of the contact, before or after detecting a start of movement of the contact, prior to detecting an end of the contact, before or after detecting an increase in intensity of the contact, and/or before or after detecting a decrease in intensity of the contact). A characteristic intensity of a contact is, optionally based on one or more of: a maximum value of the intensities of the contact, a mean value of the intensities of the contact, an average value of the intensities of the contact, a top 10 percentile value of the intensities of the contact, a value at the half maximum of the intensities of the contact, a value at the 90 percent maximum of the intensities of the contact, or the like. In some embodiments, the duration of the contact is used in determining the characteristic intensity (e.g., when the characteristic intensity is an average of the intensity of the contact over time). In some embodiments, the characteristic intensity is compared to a set of one or more intensity thresholds to determine whether an operation has been performed by a user. For example, the set of one or more intensity thresholds includes a first intensity threshold and a second intensity threshold. In this example, a contact with a characteristic intensity that does not exceed the first threshold results in a first operation, a contact with a characteristic intensity that exceeds the first intensity threshold and does not exceed the second intensity threshold results in a second operation, and a contact with a characteristic intensity that exceeds the second threshold results in a third operation. In some embodiments, a comparison between the characteristic intensity and one or more thresholds is used to determine whether or not to perform one or more operations (e.g., whether to perform a respective operation or forgo performing the respective operation) rather than being used to determine whether to perform a first operation or a second operation.

In some embodiments, a portion of a gesture is identified for purposes of determining a characteristic intensity. For example, a touch-sensitive surface receives a continuous swipe contact transitioning from a start location and reaching an end location, at which point the intensity of the contact increases. In this example, the characteristic intensity of the contact at the end location is based on only a portion of the continuous swipe contact, and not the entire swipe contact (e.g., only the portion of the swipe contact at the end location). In some embodiments, a smoothing algorithm is applied to the intensities of the swipe contact prior to determining the characteristic intensity of the contact. For example, the smoothing algorithm optionally includes one or more of: an unweighted sliding-average smoothing algorithm, a triangular smoothing algorithm, a median filter smoothing algorithm, and/or an exponential smoothing algorithm. In some circumstances, these smoothing algorithms eliminate narrow spikes or dips in the intensities of the swipe contact for purposes of determining a characteristic intensity.

The intensity of a contact on the touch-sensitive surface is characterized relative to one or more intensity thresholds, such as a contact-detection intensity threshold, a light press intensity threshold, a deep press intensity threshold, and/or one or more other intensity thresholds. In some embodiments, the light press intensity threshold corresponds to an intensity at which the device will perform operations typically associated with clicking a button of a physical mouse or a trackpad. In some embodiments, the deep press intensity threshold corresponds to an intensity at which the device will perform operations that are different from operations typically associated with clicking a button of a physical mouse or a trackpad. In some embodiments, when a contact is detected with a characteristic intensity below the light press intensity threshold (e.g., and above a nominal contact-detection intensity threshold below which the contact is no longer detected), the device will move a focus selector in accordance with movement of the contact on the touch-sensitive surface without performing an operation associated with the light press intensity threshold or the deep press intensity threshold. Generally, unless otherwise stated, these intensity thresholds are consistent between different sets of user interface figures.

An increase of characteristic intensity of the contact from an intensity below the light press intensity threshold to an intensity between the light press intensity threshold and the deep press intensity threshold is sometimes referred to as a “light press” input. An increase of characteristic intensity of the contact from an intensity below the deep press intensity threshold to an intensity above the deep press intensity threshold is sometimes referred to as a “deep press” input. An increase of characteristic intensity of the contact from an intensity below the contact-detection intensity threshold to an intensity between the contact-detection intensity threshold and the light press intensity threshold is sometimes referred to as detecting the contact on the touch-surface. A decrease of characteristic intensity of the contact from an intensity above the contact-detection intensity threshold to an intensity below the contact-detection intensity threshold is sometimes referred to as detecting liftoff of the contact from the touch-surface. In some embodiments, the contact-detection intensity threshold is zero. In some embodiments, the contact-detection intensity threshold is greater than zero.

In some embodiments described herein, one or more operations are performed in response to detecting a gesture that includes a respective press input or in response to detecting the respective press input performed with a respective contact (or a plurality of contacts), where the respective press input is detected based at least in part on detecting an increase in intensity of the contact (or plurality of contacts) above a press-input intensity threshold. In some embodiments, the respective operation is performed in response to detecting the increase in intensity of the respective contact above the press-input intensity threshold (e.g., a “down stroke” of the respective press input). In some embodiments, the press input includes an increase in intensity of the respective contact above the press-input intensity threshold and a subsequent decrease in intensity of the contact below the press-input intensity threshold, and the respective operation is performed in response to detecting the subsequent decrease in intensity of the respective contact below the press-input threshold (e.g., an “up stroke” of the respective press input).

In some embodiments, the device employs intensity hysteresis to avoid accidental inputs sometimes termed “jitter,” where the device defines or selects a hysteresis intensity threshold with a predefined relationship to the press-input intensity threshold (e.g., the hysteresis intensity threshold is X intensity units lower than the press-input intensity threshold or the hysteresis intensity threshold is 75%, 90%, or some reasonable proportion of the press-input intensity threshold). Thus, in some embodiments, the press input includes an increase in intensity of the respective contact above the press-input intensity threshold and a subsequent decrease in intensity of the contact below the hysteresis intensity threshold that corresponds to the press-input intensity threshold, and the respective operation is performed in response to detecting the subsequent decrease in intensity of the respective contact below the hysteresis intensity threshold (e.g., an “up stroke” of the respective press input). Similarly, in some embodiments, the press input is detected only when the device detects an increase in intensity of the contact from an intensity at or below the hysteresis intensity threshold to an intensity at or above the press-input intensity threshold and, optionally, a subsequent decrease in intensity of the contact to an intensity at or below the hysteresis intensity, and the respective operation is performed in response to detecting the press input (e.g., the increase in intensity of the contact or the decrease in intensity of the contact, depending on the circumstances).

For ease of explanation, the descriptions of operations performed in response to a press input associated with a press-input intensity threshold or in response to a gesture including the press input are, optionally, triggered in response to detecting either: an increase in intensity of a contact above the press-input intensity threshold, an increase in intensity of a contact from an intensity below the hysteresis intensity threshold to an intensity above the press-input intensity threshold, a decrease in intensity of the contact below the press-input intensity threshold, and/or a decrease in intensity of the contact below the hysteresis intensity threshold corresponding to the press-input intensity threshold. Additionally, in examples where an operation is described as being performed in response to detecting a decrease in intensity of a contact below the press-input intensity threshold, the operation is, optionally, performed in response to detecting a decrease in intensity of the contact below a hysteresis intensity threshold corresponding to, and lower than, the press-input intensity threshold.

3. Digital Assistant System

FIG. 7A illustrates a block diagram of digital assistant system 700 in accordance with various examples. In some examples, digital assistant system 700 is implemented on a standalone computer system. In some examples, digital assistant system 700 is distributed across multiple computers. In some examples, some of the modules and functions of the digital assistant are divided into a server portion and a client portion, where the client portion resides on one or more user devices (e.g., devices 104, 122, 200, 400, or 600) and communicates with the server portion (e.g., server system 108) through one or more networks, e.g., as shown in FIG. 1. In some examples, digital assistant system 700 is an implementation of server system 108 (and/or DA server 106) shown in FIG. 1. It should be noted that digital assistant system 700 is only one example of a digital assistant system, and that digital assistant system 700 can have more or fewer components than shown, can combine two or more components, or can have a different configuration or arrangement of the components. The various components shown in FIG. 7A are implemented in hardware, software instructions for execution by one or more processors, firmware, including one or more signal processing and/or application specific integrated circuits, or a combination thereof.

Digital assistant system 700 includes memory 702, one or more processors 704, input/output (I/O) interface 706, and network communications interface 708. These components can communicate with one another over one or more communication buses or signal lines 710.

In some examples, memory 702 includes a non-transitory computer-readable medium, such as high-speed random access memory and/or a non-volatile computer-readable storage medium (e.g., one or more magnetic disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid-state memory devices).

In some examples, I/O interface 706 couples input/output devices 716 of digital assistant system 700, such as displays, keyboards, touch screens, and microphones, to user interface module 722. I/O interface 706, in conjunction with user interface module 722, receives user inputs (e.g., voice input, keyboard inputs, touch inputs, etc.) and processes them accordingly. In some examples, e.g., when the digital assistant is implemented on a standalone user device, digital assistant system 700 includes any of the components and I/O communication interfaces described with respect to devices 200, 400, or 600 in FIGS. 2A, 4, 6A-B, respectively. In some examples, digital assistant system 700 represents the server portion of a digital assistant implementation, and can interact with the user through a client-side portion residing on a user device (e.g., devices 104, 200, 400, or 600).

In some examples, the network communications interface 708 includes wired communication port(s) 712 and/or wireless transmission and reception circuitry 714. The wired communication port(s) receives and send communication signals via one or more wired interfaces, e.g., Ethernet, Universal Serial Bus (USB), FIREWIRE, etc. The wireless circuitry 714 receives and sends RF signals and/or optical signals from/to communications networks and other communications devices. The wireless communications use any of a plurality of communications standards, protocols, and technologies, such as GSM, EDGE, CDMA, TDMA, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, VoIP, Wi-MAX, or any other suitable communication protocol. Network communications interface 708 enables communication between digital assistant system 700 with networks, such as the Internet, an intranet, and/or a wireless network, such as a cellular telephone network, a wireless local area network (LAN), and/or a metropolitan area network (MAN), and other devices.

In some examples, memory 702, or the computer-readable storage media of memory 702, stores programs, modules, instructions, and data structures including all or a subset of: operating system 718, communications module 720, user interface module 722, one or more applications 724, and digital assistant module 726. In particular, memory 702, or the computer-readable storage media of memory 702, stores instructions for performing the processes described below. One or more processors 704 execute these programs, modules, and instructions, and reads/writes from/to the data structures.

Operating system 718 (e.g., Darwin, RTXC, LINUX, UNIX, iOS, OS X, WINDOWS, or an embedded operating system such as VxWorks) includes various software components and/or drivers for controlling and managing general system tasks (e.g., memory management, storage device control, power management, etc.) and facilitates communications between various hardware, firmware, and software components.

Communications module 720 facilitates communications between digital assistant system 700 with other devices over network communications interface 708. For example, communications module 720 communicates with RF circuitry 208 of electronic devices such as devices 200, 400, and 600 shown in FIG. 2A, 4, 6A-B, respectively. Communications module 720 also includes various components for handling data received by wireless circuitry 714 and/or wired communications port 712.

User interface module 722 receives commands and/or inputs from a user via I/O interface 706 (e.g., from a keyboard, touch screen, pointing device, controller, and/or microphone), and generate user interface objects on a display. User interface module 722 also prepares and delivers outputs (e.g., speech, sound, animation, text, icons, vibrations, haptic feedback, light, etc.) to the user via the I/O interface 706 (e.g., through displays, audio channels, speakers, touch-pads, etc.).

Applications 724 include programs and/or modules that are configured to be executed by one or more processors 704. For example, if the digital assistant system is implemented on a standalone user device, applications 724 include user applications, such as games, a calendar application, a navigation application, or an email application. If digital assistant system 700 is implemented on a server, applications 724 include resource management applications, diagnostic applications, or scheduling applications, for example.

Memory 702 also stores digital assistant module 726 (or the server portion of a digital assistant). In some examples, digital assistant module 726 includes the following sub-modules, or a subset or superset thereof: input/output processing module 728, speech-to-text (STT) processing module 730, natural language processing module 732, dialogue flow processing module 734, task flow processing module 736, service processing module 738, and speech synthesis module 740. Each of these modules has access to one or more of the following systems or data and models of the digital assistant module 726, or a subset or superset thereof: ontology 760, vocabulary index 744, user data 748, task flow models 754, service models 756, and ASR systems.

In some examples, using the processing modules, data, and models implemented in digital assistant module 726, the digital assistant can perform at least some of the following: converting speech input into text; identifying a user's intent expressed in a natural language input received from the user; actively eliciting and obtaining information needed to fully infer the user's intent (e.g., by disambiguating words, games, intentions, etc.); determining the task flow for fulfilling the inferred intent; and executing the task flow to fulfill the inferred intent.

In some examples, as shown in FIG. 7B, I/O processing module 728 interacts with the user through I/O devices 716 in FIG. 7A or with a user device (e.g., devices 104, 200, 400, or 600) through network communications interface 708 in FIG. 7A to obtain user input (e.g., a speech input) and to provide responses (e.g., as speech outputs) to the user input. I/O processing module 728 optionally obtains contextual information associated with the user input from the user device, along with or shortly after the receipt of the user input. The contextual information includes user-specific data, vocabulary, and/or preferences relevant to the user input. In some examples, the contextual information also includes software and hardware states of the user device at the time the user request is received, and/or information related to the surrounding environment of the user at the time that the user request was received. In some examples, I/O processing module 728 also sends follow-up questions to, and receive answers from, the user regarding the user request. When a user request is received by I/O processing module 728 and the user request includes speech input, I/O processing module 728 forwards the speech input to STT processing module 730 (or speech recognizer) for speech-to-text conversions.

STT processing module 730 includes one or more ASR systems. The one or more ASR systems can process the speech input that is received through I/O processing module 728 to produce a recognition result. Each ASR system includes a front-end speech pre-processor. The front-end speech pre-processor extracts representative features from the speech input. For example, the front-end speech pre-processor performs a Fourier transform on the speech input to extract spectral features that characterize the speech input as a sequence of representative multi-dimensional vectors. Further, each ASR system includes one or more speech recognition models (e.g., acoustic models and/or language models) and implements one or more speech recognition engines. Examples of speech recognition models include Hidden Markov Models, Gaussian-Mixture Models, Deep Neural Network Models, n-gram language models, and other statistical models. Examples of speech recognition engines include the dynamic time warping based engines and weighted finite-state transducers (WFST) based engines. The one or more speech recognition models and the one or more speech recognition engines are used to process the extracted representative features of the front-end speech pre-processor to produce intermediate recognitions results (e.g., phonemes, phonemic strings, and sub-words), and ultimately, text recognition results (e.g., words, word strings, or sequence of tokens). In some examples, the speech input is processed at least partially by a third-party service or on the user's device (e.g., device 104, 200, 400, or 600) to produce the recognition result. Once STT processing module 730 produces recognition results containing a text string (e.g., words, or sequence of words, or sequence of tokens), the recognition result is passed to natural language processing module 732 for intent deduction.

More details on the speech-to-text processing are described in U.S. Utility application Ser. No. 13/236,942 for “Consolidating Speech Recognition Results,” filed on Sep. 20, 2011, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

In some examples, STT processing module 730 includes and/or accesses a vocabulary of recognizable words via phonetic alphabet conversion module 731. Each vocabulary word is associated with one or more candidate pronunciations of the word represented in a speech recognition phonetic alphabet. In particular, the vocabulary of recognizable words includes a word that is associated with a plurality of candidate pronunciations. For example, the vocabulary includes the word “tomato” that is associated with the candidate pronunciations of /

/ and /

/. Further, vocabulary words are associated with custom candidate pronunciations that are based on previous speech inputs from the user. Such custom candidate pronunciations are stored in STT processing module 730 and are associated with a particular user via the user's profile on the device. In some examples, the candidate pronunciations for words are determined based on the spelling of the word and one or more linguistic and/or phonetic rules. In some examples, the candidate pronunciations are manually generated, e.g., based on known canonical pronunciations.

In some examples, the candidate pronunciations are ranked based on the commonness of the candidate pronunciation. For example, the candidate pronunciation /

/ is ranked higher than /

/, because the former is a more commonly used pronunciation (e.g., among all users, for users in a particular geographical region, or for any other appropriate subset of users). In some examples, candidate pronunciations are ranked based on whether the candidate pronunciation is a custom candidate pronunciation associated with the user. For example, custom candidate pronunciations are ranked higher than canonical candidate pronunciations. This can be useful for recognizing proper nouns having a unique pronunciation that deviates from canonical pronunciation. In some examples, candidate pronunciations are associated with one or more speech characteristics, such as geographic origin, nationality, or ethnicity. For example, the candidate pronunciation /

/ is associated with the United States, whereas the candidate pronunciation /

/ is associated with Great Britain. Further, the rank of the candidate pronunciation is based on one or more characteristics (e.g., geographic origin, nationality, ethnicity, etc.) of the user stored in the user's profile on the device. For example, it can be determined from the user's profile that the user is associated with the United States. Based on the user being associated with the United States, the candidate pronunciation /

/ (associated with the United States) is ranked higher than the candidate pronunciation /

/ (associated with Great Britain). In some examples, one of the ranked candidate pronunciations is selected as a predicted pronunciation (e.g., the most likely pronunciation).

When a speech input is received, STT processing module 730 is used to determine the phonemes corresponding to the speech input (e.g., using an acoustic model), and then attempt to determine words that match the phonemes (e.g., using a language model). For example, if STT processing module 730 first identifies the sequence of phonemes /

/ corresponding to a portion of the speech input, it can then determine, based on vocabulary index 744, that this sequence corresponds to the word “tomato.”

In some examples, STT processing module 730 uses approximate matching techniques to determine words in an utterance. Thus, for example, the STT processing module 730 can determine that the sequence of phonemes /

/corresponds to the word “tomato,” even if that particular sequence of phonemes is not one of the candidate sequence of phonemes for that word.

Natural language processing module 732 (“natural language processor”) of the digital assistant can take the sequence of words or tokens (“token sequence”) generated by STT processing module 730, and attempt to associate the token sequence with one or more “actionable intents” recognized by the digital assistant. An “actionable intent” represents a task that can be performed by the digital assistant, and can have an associated task flow implemented in task flow models 754. The associated task flow is a series of programmed actions and steps that the digital assistant takes in order to perform the task. The scope of a digital assistant's capabilities is dependent on the number and variety of task flows that have been implemented and stored in task flow models 754, or in other words, on the number and variety of “actionable intents” that the digital assistant recognizes. The effectiveness of the digital assistant, however, also dependents on the assistant's ability to infer the correct “actionable intent(s)” from the user request expressed in natural language.

In some examples, in addition to the sequence of words or tokens obtained from STT processing module 730, natural language processing module 732 also receives contextual information associated with the user request, e.g., from I/O processing module 728. The natural language processing module 732 optionally uses the contextual information to clarify, supplement, and/or further define the information contained in the token sequence received from STT processing module 730. The contextual information includes, for example, user preferences, hardware, and/or software states of the user device, sensor information collected before, during, or shortly after the user request, prior interactions (e.g., dialogue) between the digital assistant and the user, and the like. As described herein, contextual information is, in some examples, dynamic, and changes with time, location, content of the dialogue, and other factors.

In some examples, the natural language processing is based on, e.g., ontology 760. Ontology 760 is a hierarchical structure containing many nodes, each node representing either an “actionable intent” or a “property” relevant to one or more of the “actionable intents” or other “properties.” As noted above, an “actionable intent” represents a task that the digital assistant is capable of performing, i.e., it is “actionable” or can be acted on. A “property” represents a parameter associated with an actionable intent or a sub-aspect of another property. A linkage between an actionable intent node and a property node in ontology 760 defines how a parameter represented by the property node pertains to the task represented by the actionable intent node.

In some examples, ontology 760 is made up of actionable intent nodes and property nodes. Within ontology 760, each actionable intent node is linked to one or more property nodes either directly or through one or more intermediate property nodes. Similarly, each property node is linked to one or more actionable intent nodes either directly or through one or more intermediate property nodes. For example, as shown in FIG. 7C, ontology 760 includes a “restaurant reservation” node (i.e., an actionable intent node). Property nodes “restaurant,” “date/time” (for the reservation), and “party size” are each directly linked to the actionable intent node (i.e., the “restaurant reservation” node).

In addition, property nodes “cuisine,” “price range,” “phone number,” and “location” are sub-nodes of the property node “restaurant,” and are each linked to the “restaurant reservation” node (i.e., the actionable intent node) through the intermediate property node “restaurant.” For another example, as shown in FIG. 7C, ontology 760 also includes a “set reminder” node (i.e., another actionable intent node). Property nodes “date/time” (for setting the reminder) and “subject” (for the reminder) are each linked to the “set reminder” node. Since the property “date/time” is relevant to both the task of making a restaurant reservation and the task of setting a reminder, the property node “date/time” is linked to both the “restaurant reservation” node and the “set reminder” node in ontology 760.

An actionable intent node, along with its linked concept nodes, is described as a “domain.” In the present discussion, each domain is associated with a respective actionable intent, and refers to the group of nodes (and the relationships there between) associated with the particular actionable intent. For example, ontology 760 shown in FIG. 7C includes an example of restaurant reservation domain 762 and an example of reminder domain 764 within ontology 760. The restaurant reservation domain includes the actionable intent node “restaurant reservation,” property nodes “restaurant,” “date/time,” and “party size,” and sub-property nodes “cuisine,” “price range,” “phone number,” and “location.” Reminder domain 764 includes the actionable intent node “set reminder,” and property nodes “subject” and “date/time.” In some examples, ontology 760 is made up of many domains. Each domain shares one or more property nodes with one or more other domains. For example, the “date/time” property node is associated with many different domains (e.g., a scheduling domain, a travel reservation domain, a movie ticket domain, etc.), in addition to restaurant reservation domain 762 and reminder domain 764.

While FIG. 7C illustrates two example domains within ontology 760, other domains include, for example, “find a movie,” “initiate a phone call,” “find directions,” “schedule a meeting,” “send a message,” and “provide an answer to a question,” “read a list,” “providing navigation instructions,” “provide instructions for a task” and so on. A “send a message” domain is associated with a “send a message” actionable intent node, and further includes property nodes such as “recipient(s),” “message type,” and “message body.” The property node “recipient” is further defined, for example, by the sub-property nodes such as “recipient name” and “message address.”

In some examples, ontology 760 includes all the domains (and hence actionable intents) that the digital assistant is capable of understanding and acting upon. In some examples, ontology 760 is modified, such as by adding or removing entire domains or nodes, or by modifying relationships between the nodes within the ontology 760.

In some examples, nodes associated with multiple related actionable intents are clustered under a “super domain” in ontology 760. For example, a “travel” super-domain includes a cluster of property nodes and actionable intent nodes related to travel. The actionable intent nodes related to travel includes “airline reservation,” “hotel reservation,” “car rental,” “get directions,” “find points of interest,” and so on. The actionable intent nodes under the same super domain (e.g., the “travel” super domain) have many property nodes in common. For example, the actionable intent nodes for “airline reservation,” “hotel reservation,” “car rental,” “get directions,” and “find points of interest” share one or more of the property nodes “start location,” “destination,” “departure date/time,” “arrival date/time,” and “party size.”

In some examples, each node in ontology 760 is associated with a set of words and/or phrases that are relevant to the property or actionable intent represented by the node. The respective set of words and/or phrases associated with each node are the so-called “vocabulary” associated with the node. The respective set of words and/or phrases associated with each node are stored in vocabulary index 744 in association with the property or actionable intent represented by the node. For example, returning to FIG. 7B, the vocabulary associated with the node for the property of “restaurant” includes words such as “food,” “drinks,” “cuisine,” “hungry,” “eat,” “pizza,” “fast food,” “meal,” and so on. For another example, the vocabulary associated with the node for the actionable intent of “initiate a phone call” includes words and phrases such as “call,” “phone,” “dial,” “ring,” “call this number,” “make a call to,” and so on. The vocabulary index 744 optionally includes words and phrases in different languages.

Natural language processing module 732 receives the token sequence (e.g., a text string) from STT processing module 730, and determines what nodes are implicated by the words in the token sequence. In some examples, if a word or phrase in the token sequence is found to be associated with one or more nodes in ontology 760 (via vocabulary index 744), the word or phrase “triggers” or “activates” those nodes. Based on the quantity and/or relative importance of the activated nodes, natural language processing module 732 selects one of the actionable intents as the task that the user intended the digital assistant to perform. In some examples, the domain that has the most “triggered” nodes is selected. In some examples, the domain having the highest confidence value (e.g., based on the relative importance of its various triggered nodes) is selected. In some examples, the domain is selected based on a combination of the number and the importance of the triggered nodes. In some examples, additional factors are considered in selecting the node as well, such as whether the digital assistant has previously correctly interpreted a similar request from a user.

User data 748 includes user-specific information, such as user-specific vocabulary, user preferences, user address, user's default and secondary languages, user's contact list, and other short-term or long-term information for each user. In some examples, natural language processing module 732 uses the user-specific information to supplement the information contained in the user input to further define the user intent. For example, for a user request “invite my friends to my birthday party,” natural language processing module 732 is able to access user data 748 to determine who the “friends” are and when and where the “birthday party” would be held, rather than requiring the user to provide such information explicitly in his/her request.

Other details of searching an ontology based on a token string is described in U.S. Utility application Ser. No. 12/341,743 for “Method and Apparatus for Searching Using An Active Ontology,” filed Dec. 22, 2008, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

In some examples, once natural language processing module 732 identifies an actionable intent (or domain) based on the user request, natural language processing module 732 generates a structured query to represent the identified actionable intent. In some examples, the structured query includes parameters for one or more nodes within the domain for the actionable intent, and at least some of the parameters are populated with the specific information and requirements specified in the user request. For example, the user says “Make me a dinner reservation at a sushi place at 7.” In this case, natural language processing module 732 is able to correctly identify the actionable intent to be “restaurant reservation” based on the user input. According to the ontology, a structured query for a “restaurant reservation” domain includes parameters such as {Cuisine}, {Time}, {Date}, {Party Size}, and the like. In some examples, based on the speech input and the text derived from the speech input using STT processing module 730, natural language processing module 732 generates a partial structured query for the restaurant reservation domain, where the partial structured query includes the parameters {Cuisine=“Sushi”} and {Time=“7 pm”}. However, in this example, the user's utterance contains insufficient information to complete the structured query associated with the domain. Therefore, other necessary parameters such as {Party Size} and {Date} is not specified in the structured query based on the information currently available. In some examples, natural language processing module 732 populates some parameters of the structured query with received contextual information. For example, in some examples, if the user requested a sushi restaurant “near me,” natural language processing module 732 populates a {location} parameter in the structured query with GPS coordinates from the user device.

In some examples, natural language processing module 732 is configured to determine user intents (e.g., actionable intents) associated with performing a task using a device of an established location. In particular, ontology 760 includes domains or nodes related to performing a task using a device of an established location. For example, ontology 760 includes a “home” domain related to controlling a device associated with the user's home, or an “office” domain related to controlling a device associated with the user's office. Vocabulary index 744 includes words and phrases associated with devices in one or more established locations (e.g., homes, offices, businesses, and public institutions). For example, the words and phrases include command words such as “set,” “open,” “lock,” “activate,” “print,” “turn on,” or the like. Additionally, the words and phrases include device-related words such as “door,” “thermostat,” “toaster,” “humidifier,” or the like. In some examples, vocabulary index includes look-up tables, models, or classifiers that enable natural language process module 732 to determine one or more alternative terms for a given term. For example, vocabulary index 744 maps the term “thermostat” to one or more alternative terms such as “heater,” “air conditioning,” “A/C,” “HVAC” and “climate control.” User data 748 includes one or more data structures (e.g., data structure 900) that each represents a set of devices of a respective established location.

To determine an actionable intent associated with performing a task using a device of an established location, natural language processing module 732 is configured to determine one or more possible device characteristics and one or more candidate devices corresponding to user speech input. Natural language processing module 732 is further configured to determine overlapping device characteristics common to the one or more possible device characteristics and the actual device characteristics of the one or more candidate devices.

In some examples, natural language process module 732 is configured to determine one or more criteria defined in the user speech input. The one or more criteria are identified based on recognizing conditional terms (e.g., “when,” “if” “once,” “upon,” etc.) in the user speech input. In some examples, determining the one or more criteria includes determining quantitative criteria corresponding to ambiguous qualitative phrases in the user speech input. For example, natural language process module 732 is configured to access one or more knowledge sources to determine that the ambiguous qualitative phrase “too hot” in the user speech input corresponds to the quantitative criteria of “greater than 90 degrees Fahrenheit.” The one or more knowledge sources can, for example, include look-up tables that map qualitative terms (e.g., adjectives) to specific values or ranges of measurable characteristics. The one or more knowledges sources are stored on the digital assistant system (e.g., in memory 702) or on a remote system. In some examples, the one or more criteria are associated with a device of an established location. Natural language process module 732 is configured to determine the device associated with the one or more criteria using ontology 760, vocabulary index 744, and one or more data structures stored in user data 748.

In some examples, natural language processing module 732 passes the generated structured query (including any completed parameters) to task flow processing module 736 (“task flow processor”). Task flow processing module 736 is configured to receive the structured query from natural language processing module 732, complete the structured query, if necessary, and perform the actions required to “complete” the user's ultimate request. In some examples, the various procedures necessary to complete these tasks are provided in task flow models 754. In some examples, task flow models 754 include procedures for obtaining additional information from the user and task flows for performing actions associated with the actionable intent.

As described above, in order to complete a structured query, task flow processing module 736 needs to initiate additional dialogue with the user in order to obtain additional information, and/or disambiguate potentially ambiguous utterances. When such interactions are necessary, task flow processing module 736 invokes dialogue flow processing module 734 to engage in a dialogue with the user. In some examples, dialogue flow processing module 734 determines how (and/or when) to ask the user for the additional information and receives and processes the user responses. The questions are provided to and answers are received from the users through I/O processing module 728. In some examples, dialogue flow processing module 734 presents dialogue output to the user via audio and/or visual output, and receives input from the user via spoken or physical (e.g., clicking) responses. Continuing with the example above, when task flow processing module 736 invokes dialogue flow processing module 734 to determine the “party size” and “date” information for the structured query associated with the domain “restaurant reservation,” dialogue flow processing module 734 generates questions such as “For how many people?” and “On which day?” to pass to the user. Once answers are received from the user, dialogue flow processing module 734 then populates the structured query with the missing information, or pass the information to task flow processing module 736 to complete the missing information from the structured query.

Once task flow processing module 736 has completed the structured query for an actionable intent, task flow processing module 736 proceeds to perform the ultimate task associated with the actionable intent. Accordingly, task flow processing module 736 executes the steps and instructions in the task flow model according to the specific parameters contained in the structured query. For example, the task flow model for the actionable intent of “restaurant reservation” includes steps and instructions for contacting a restaurant and actually requesting a reservation for a particular party size at a particular time. For example, using a structured query such as: {restaurant reservation, restaurant=ABC Café, date=Mar. 12, 2012, time=7 pm, party size=5}, task flow processing module 736 performs the steps of: (1) logging onto a server of the ABC Café or a restaurant reservation system such as OPENTABLE®, (2) entering the date, time, and party size information in a form on the website, (3) submitting the form, and (4) making a calendar entry for the reservation in the user's calendar.

In some examples, task flow processing module 736 employs the assistance of service processing module 738 (“service processing module”) to complete a task requested in the user input or to provide an informational answer requested in the user input. For example, service processing module 738 acts on behalf of task flow processing module 736 to make a phone call, set a calendar entry, invoke a map search, invoke or interact with other user applications installed on the user device, and invoke or interact with third-party services (e.g., a restaurant reservation portal, a social networking website, a banking portal, etc.). In some examples, the protocols and application programming interfaces (API) required by each service are specified by a respective service model among service models 756. Service processing module 738 accesses the appropriate service model for a service and generate requests for the service in accordance with the protocols and APIs required by the service according to the service model.

For example, if a restaurant has enabled an online reservation service, the restaurant submits a service model specifying the necessary parameters for making a reservation and the APIs for communicating the values of the necessary parameter to the online reservation service. When requested by task flow processing module 736, service processing module 738 establishes a network connection with the online reservation service using the web address stored in the service model, and send the necessary parameters of the reservation (e.g., time, date, party size) to the online reservation interface in a format according to the API of the online reservation service.

In some examples, natural language processing module 732, dialogue flow processing module 734, and task flow processing module 736 are used collectively and iteratively to infer and define the user's intent, obtain information to further clarify and refine the user intent, and finally generate a response (i.e., an output to the user, or the completion of a task) to fulfill the user's intent. The generated response is a dialogue response to the speech input that at least partially fulfills the user's intent. Further, in some examples, the generated response is output as a speech output. In these examples, the generated response is sent to speech synthesis module 740 (e.g., speech synthesizer) where it can be processed to synthesize the dialogue response in speech form. In yet other examples, the generated response is data content relevant to satisfying a user request in the speech input.

For actionable intents and structured queries associated with performing one or more tasks using one or more devices of an established location, service processing module 738 is configured to cause the one or more tasks to be performed by the one or more devices of the established location. For example, service processing module 738 is configured to provide instructions or commands (e.g., via network(s) 110) to the one or more devices of the established location to cause the one or more devices to perform the one or more tasks.

Speech synthesis module 740 is configured to synthesize speech outputs for presentation to the user. Speech synthesis module 740 synthesizes speech outputs based on text provided by the digital assistant. For example, the generated dialogue response is in the form of a text string. Speech synthesis module 740 converts the text string to an audible speech output. Speech synthesis module 740 uses any appropriate speech synthesis technique in order to generate speech outputs from text, including, but not limited, to concatenative synthesis, unit selection synthesis, diphone synthesis, domain-specific synthesis, formant synthesis, articulatory synthesis, hidden Markov model (HMM) based synthesis, and sinewave synthesis. In some examples, speech synthesis module 740 is configured to synthesize individual words based on phonemic strings corresponding to the words. For example, a phonemic string is associated with a word in the generated dialogue response. The phonemic string is stored in metadata associated with the word. Speech synthesis model 740 is configured to directly process the phonemic string in the metadata to synthesize the word in speech form.

In some examples, instead of (or in addition to) using speech synthesis module 740, speech synthesis is performed on a remote device (e.g., the server system 108), and the synthesized speech is sent to the user device for output to the user. For example, this can occur in some implementations where outputs for a digital assistant are generated at a server system. And because server systems generally have more processing power or resources than a user device, it is possible to obtain higher quality speech outputs than would be practical with client-side synthesis.

Additional details on digital assistants can be found in the U.S. Utility application Ser. No. 12/987,982, entitled “Intelligent Automated Assistant,” filed Jan. 10, 2011, and U.S. Utility application Ser. No. 13/251,088, entitled “Generating and Processing Task Items That Represent Tasks to Perform,” filed Sep. 30, 2011, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

4. Processes for Operating a Digital Assistant

FIG. 8 illustrates process 800 for operating a digital assistant according to various examples. Process 800 is performed, for example, using one or more electronic devices (e.g., devices 104, 106, 200, 400, or 600) implementing a digital assistant. In some examples, the processes is performed at a client-server system (e.g., system 100) implementing a digital assistant. The blocks of the processes can be divided up in any manner between the server (e.g., DA server 106) and the client (e.g., user device 104). In process 800, some blocks are, optionally, combined, the order of some blocks is, optionally, changed, and some blocks are, optionally, omitted. In some examples, only a subset of the features or blocks described below with reference to FIG. 8 is performed.

At block 802, discourse input representing a user request is received (e.g., at microphone 213 or at I/O processing module 728). The discourse input is, for example, speech input or text input. In addition, the discourse input is, for example, in natural language form. In some examples, the user request is a request for a device (e.g., devices 130, 132, 134, or 136) to perform an action. The device is a separate and different device from the electronic device (e.g., devices 104, 106, 200, 400, or 600) receiving or processing the discourse input. In some examples, the discourse input contains one or more ambiguous terms by virtue of being in natural language form. The one or more ambiguous terms, for example, each has more than one possible interpretation. For example, the discourse input is “Set the thermostat to sixty.” In this example, the discourse input is ambiguous with respect to defining the device for performing the requested action. Specifically, in the context of an established location, such as the user's home, there can be several devices associated with the term “thermostat,” such as a central heating unit, a bedroom space heater, or a living room air conditioning unit. It is thus ambiguous as to which device the user is referring to in the discourse input. Additionally, in the same example, the discourse input is ambiguous with respect to defining the specific action being requested. For example, one or more devices in the established location are capable of adjusting the temperature as well as the humidity. The discourse input is thus ambiguous as to whether the user wishes to adjust the temperature of a device to sixty degrees Fahrenheit or to adjust the humidity of a device to sixty percent relative humidity.

At block 804, a determination is made as to whether the discourse input corresponds to a domain that is associated with an actionable intent of performing a task using a device of an established location (e.g., the user's primary home, the user's office, the user's vacation home, etc.). The domain is a domain of an ontology (e.g., ontology 760). In one example, the domain is an “automation” domain corresponding to the actionable intent of controlling one or more devices in an established location. The determination at block 804 is, for example, performed using natural language processing (e.g., with natural language processing module 732, vocabulary 744, and user data 748). For instance, in the example “Set the thermostat to sixty,” it can be determined based on the words “set,” “thermostat,” and “sixty” that the discourse input likely corresponds to the actionable intent of controlling a device (e.g., a thermostat) in the user's home. In this example, the actionable intent is thus associated with the “automation” domain.

As shown in FIG. 8, in response to determining that the discourse input corresponds to a domain that is associated with an actionable intent of performing a task with a device of an established location, block 806 is performed. In particular, block 806 is performed automatically without further input from the user in response to determining that the discourse input corresponds to a domain that is associated with an actionable intent of performing a task with a device of an established location. Alternatively, in response to determining that the discourse input does not correspond to a domain that is associated with an actionable intent of performing a task with a device of an established location, block 805 is performed. Specifically, at block 805, process 800 forgoes retrieving a data structure representing a set of devices of the established location.

At block 806, a data structure representing a set of devices of an established location is retrieved. In some examples, the data structure is retrieved from the user device (e.g., user data and models 231 of user device 200). In other examples, the data structure is retrieved from the server (e.g., data & models 116 of DA server 106). The data structure defines, for example, a hierarchical relationship between a plurality of regions in the established location. The data structure further defines the relationship of each device of the set of devices with respect to the plurality of regions.

The established location is a location associated with an establishment, such as a business organization, a household, or a public institution. For example, the established location is associated with the user who provided the discourse input (e.g., user's home, user's workplace, or user's vacation home). In other examples, the established location is associated with a public institution (e.g., a church, a school, or a library). In yet other examples, the established location is associated with a business (e.g., store, company office, restaurant, etc.).

In some examples, process 800 determines which data structure from among a plurality of data structures to retrieve. Each data structure of the plurality of data structures is associated with a respective established location. Process 800 determines a location corresponding to the discourse input. For example, process 800 determines a location of the user device (e.g., using GPS module 235) at the time the discourse input is received. An established location is then identified based on the location of the user device. For instance, in one example, it is determined that the location of the user device corresponds to the location of the user's home. Based on the determined established location, the corresponding data structure is identified and retrieved from the plurality of data structures. For example, the data structure representing the devices in the user's home is identified and retrieved.

FIG. 9 is a hierarchical chart illustrating exemplary data structure 900 that represents a set of devices of an established location, according to various examples. As shown, data structure 900 includes a plurality of nodes 902-950 organized in a hierarchical structure across levels 960-968. The organization of nodes 902-950 defines how the various devices (e.g., garage door, back door, central thermostat, space heater, and son's lamp) of the established location relate to the various regions (e.g., floor 1, floor 2, garage, living room, mater bedroom, and son's bedroom) of the established location. Specifically, the nodes of levels 960-964 define how the various regions of the established location are organized. The root node of level 960 represents the established location (e.g., John's house) and the nodes of level 962 represent the major regions (e.g., floor 1 and floor 2) of the established location. The nodes of level 964 represent the sub-regions within each of the major regions. In the present example, the sub-regions include the separate rooms or living areas (garage, living room, master bedroom, and son's bedroom) in John's house. Although in the present example, data structure 900 includes one level (level 960) for the major regions and one level (level 964) for the sub-regions, it should be recognized that in other examples, the data structure includes any number of levels for organizing the various regions of an established location.

The nodes of level 966 define the device(s) associated with each region of level 964. For example, nodes 926 and 928 indicate that there is a garage door device and a back door device associated with the garage of John's house. Similarly, node 930 indicates that a thermostat is associated with the living room of John's house. The devices represented by nodes 908-914 are similar or identical to devices 130-136 of FIG. 1. For example, the devices represented by nodes 908-914 are communicatively coupled to an electronic device (e.g., user device 104) or server (e.g., DA server 106) via one or more networks (e.g., network(s) 110). The electronic device provides commands via the one or more networks that cause one or more of the devices of nodes 908-914 to perform an action defined by the user.

The nodes of level 968 define the actual device characteristics associated with each device of level 966. For example, node 936 indicates that the garage door device has the actual device characteristic of “position.” Similarly, node 938 indicates that the back door device has the actual device characteristic of “lock.” An actual device characteristic describes, for example, an actual function or characteristic of the device that can be controlled using the electronic device (e.g., devices 104, 200, 400, or 600). For example, the “position” of the garage door can be changed by controlling the garage door device or the back door can be “locked” or “unlocked” by controlling the back door device.

Each node of data structure 900 includes one or more stored attributes. For example, as shown in FIG. 9, user-defined identifiers (IDs) are stored in association with each node of levels 960-966. Specifically, node 902 includes the user-defined ID “John's house” that describes the established location. Similarly, each of nodes 904-914 includes a user-defined ID describing the respective region of the established location. For example, node 912 includes the user-defined ID “master bedroom” and node 914 includes the user-defined ID “son's bedroom.” Further, each of nodes 926-934 includes a user-defined ID describing the respective device. For example, node 930 includes the user-defined ID “central thermostat” and node 934 includes the user-defined ID “son's lamp.” In some examples, only data structures stored on the user device (e.g., user device 104) include user-defined IDs. Data structures stored on the server (e.g., DA server 106) include, for example, generic IDs such as “region 1” or “region 2” for nodes representing regions in the established location and “device 1” or “device 2” for nodes representing devices. In other examples, each device and each region in the data structure is identified with respect to a temporary session key associated with the received discourse input. This is desirable to preserve the user's privacy when data structure is stored on the server.

Each of nodes 902-934 further includes stored attributes (not shown) that define, for example, the region type for each region in the established location or the device type for each device in the established location. For example, “master bedroom” (node 912) and “son's bedroom” (node 914) each has a region type of “bedroom.” Similarly, “central thermostat” (node 930) has a device type of “thermostat” and “son's lamp” (node 934) has a device type of “light.” The region type and device type are standardized descriptions based on a list of standard region types and device types. Other examples of region types include “basement,” “store room,” “attic,” “kitchen,” or the like. Further examples of device types include “door lock,” “humidifier,” “music player,” “toaster,” or the like.

Nodes 926-934 further include additional stored attributes that indicate the operating states of each device with respect to the relevant device characteristic. For example, the “garage door” (node 936) has an operating status “open” or “closed” for the device characteristic “position.” In another example, the “central thermostat” (node 930) has an operating status “73 degrees Fahrenheit” for the device characteristic “temperature” and “60%” with respect to the device characteristic “humidity.” Additional examples of operating status include “locked” or “unlocked” with respect to the device characteristic “lock” (e.g., for a door lock device), “on” or “off” with respect to the device characteristic “power” (e.g., for a music player device), and “75%” with respect to the device characteristic “brightness” (e.g., for a dimmable lighting device).

The data structure is created (e.g., using devices 104 or 200 or server system 108) based on user input and/or data received from the devices of the established location. For example, a user device provides a user interface that enables the user to enter information for creating the data structure. Specifically, the user device receives, via the user interface, information regarding the various regions in the established location and the various devices of the established location. Further, the user device receives information that associates a particular device of the established location to one or more regions of the established location. For example, user input received via the user interface defines a region named “master bedroom” (e.g., node 912) and a device named “space heater” in the established location. The user input further associates the “space heater” device to the “master bedroom” region. In some examples, information in the data structure is auto-populated based on data received from the devices of the established location. For example, each device of the established location transmits various attributes associated with the device of the established location to the user device. Specifically, device IDs, device characteristics, operating statuses, or device types are transmitted to the user device. The user device then auto-populates this data into the respective data structure.

In some examples, the digital assistant of the user device automatically proposes additions or modifications to the data structure based on information received regarding the various devices of the established location. The received information includes, for example, device information defining a first device of the established location having a device ID “bedroom1_light” and a second device of the established location having a device ID “bedroom1_radio.” Based on the common phrase “bedroom1” in each of the device IDs of the first and second devices, process 800 determines that both devices are likely associated with a common region “bedroom1” in the established location. Additionally or alternatively, the received information includes location information of the first and second devices. For example, the location information indicates that the first and second devices are disposed within a common region of the established location. In another example, the location information indicates that the first device and the second device are positioned within a threshold distance apart in the established location. Based on the location information, a relationship between the first device and the second device is determined with respect to one or more regions of the established location. For example, it is determined that the first and second devices are associated with the “bedroom1” region of the established location. Based on the determined relationship between the first and second devices, a prompt is provided to the user suggesting a modification to the data structure. For example, a prompt is provided asking the user “Would you like to create the room ‘bedroom1’ that includes the devices ‘bedroom1_light’ and ‘bedroom1_radio’?” A user input (e.g., selection of a user interface button) is received responsive to the provided prompt. The user input confirms the modification proposed by the prompt. In response to receiving the user input, the data structure is modified to define the determined relationship between the first device and the second device with respect to the established location. For example, a node representing the region “bedroom1” in the established location is created in the data structure. Additionally, the nodes representing the devices “bedroom1_light” and “bedroom1_radio” are associated with the node representing the region “bedroom1.”

It should be appreciated that data structure 900, described above, is a non-limiting example of a data structure representing a set of devices of an established location and that various modifications and variations of data structure 900 are possible in view of the above description. For example, the data structure can include any number of nested levels of nodes. In some examples, one or more of the levels of nodes in data structure 900 are optionally removed, and/or additional levels of nodes are optionally added. In one example, the nodes of level 962 are optionally removed in data structure 900 and the nodes of level 964 are nested directly under the root node 902. In other examples, one or more additional levels of nodes representing sub-regions are optionally added to data structure 900. Specifically, one or more additional levels of nodes representing sub-regions are optionally included between levels 962 and 964, or between levels 964 and 966 of data structure 900. Further, it should be recognized that that in some examples, the nodes representing devices need not be nested under a node representing a major region or a sub region. For instance, in some examples, any one of nodes 926-934 in data structure 900 is optionally nested directly under root node 960 or a node of level 962.

At block 808, one or more possible device characteristics corresponding to the discourse input are determined. In particular, the words of the discourse input are parsed and analyzed to identify possible device characteristics related to the words and/or phrases in the discourse input. Block 808 is performed, for example, using a natural language processing module (e.g., natural language processing module 732) utilizing suitable models and vocabulary (e.g., vocabulary 744). In particular, a machine learning classifier of the natural language processing module, for example, processes the words of the discourse input and determine possible device characteristics associated with the words. In one example, the discourse input is “Open the door.” In this example, the terms “open” and “door” are determined to each correspond to the possible device characteristics of “position” and “lock/unlock.”

In some examples, each term of the discourse input is initially analyzed individually. For example, with reference to FIG. 10A, discourse input 1002 is “Set the thermostat to sixty percent.” In this example, the term “set” is determined to correspond to a first set of possible device characteristics 1004 that includes “temperature,” “humidity,” “brightness,” “volume,” and “speed.” The term “thermostat” is determined to correspond to a second set of possible device characteristics 1006 that include “temperature” and “humidity.” The term “sixty” is determined to correspond to a third set of possible device characteristics 1008 that include “temperature,” “humidity,” and “brightness.” The term “percent” is determined to correspond to a fourth set of possible device characteristics 1010 that include “brightness” and “humidity.”

The one or more possible device characteristics are determined based on the sets of possible device characteristics (e.g., 1004, 1006, 1008, 1010) corresponding to the individual terms in the discourse input. For example, the one or more possible device characteristics determined at block 808 are a combination of the sets of possible device characteristics. In some examples, the one or more possible device characteristics are determined based on the frequency of each possible device characteristic among the sets of possible device characteristics. For example, the one or more possible device characteristics are determined to include the possible device characteristic “humidity,” which has the greatest frequency across the sets of possible device characteristics 1004, 1006, 1008, 1010.

In some examples, the one or more possible device characteristics are determined based on the popularity of each possible device characteristic in the sets of possible device characteristics (e.g., 1004, 1006, 1008, 1010). The popularity refers to how frequently actions associated with a device characteristic are requested by a population of users. For example, if actions related to “temperature” are more frequently requested than actions related to the other device characteristics, the possible device characteristic “temperature” is weighted more heavily when determining the one or more possible device characteristics at block 808. In other examples, the one or more possible device characteristics are determined based on the salience of each term in the discourse input. For example, the term “thermostat” has the greatest salience among the terms in the discourse input and thus set of possible device characteristics 1006 is weighted more heavily than other sets of possible device characteristics when determining the one or more possible device characteristics at block 808. Thus, in this example, the one or more possible device characteristics more likely include the possible device characteristics of “temperature” and “humidity” from set of possible device characteristics 1006.

At block 810, one or more candidate devices from the set of devices are determined based on the data structure. The one or more candidate devices correspond to the discourse input. In some examples, block 808 is performed using a natural language processing module (e.g., natural language processing module 732) based on suitable models and vocabulary (e.g., vocabulary 744). In particular, a machine learning classifier of the natural language processing module, for example, processes the words of the discourse input and determine candidate devices from the set of devices in the data structure that most likely correspond to the discourse input. For example, in the discourse input “Set the thermostat to sixty percent,” the word “thermostat” in the discourse input is recognized as being relevant and compared (e.g., based on semantic or syntactic similarity) to the various attributes and IDs of the nodes in the data structure to determine candidate devices corresponding to the discourse input. In particular, the devices “central thermostat” (e.g., node 930) and “space heater” (e.g., node 932) are determined as the one or more candidate devices based on the word “thermostat” in the discourse input.

In another example, the discourse input is “Set the living room to sixty percent.” In this example, the word “living room” is recognized as being relevant and compared to the various attributes and IDs of the nodes in the data structure. In this example, “living room” in the discourse input is determined to correspond to the “living room” region (e.g., node 910) defined in data structure 900. Because “living room” region (e.g., node 910) is associated with the “central thermostat” device (e.g., node 930) in data structure 900, the one or more candidate devices are determined to include the “central thermostat device.”

In some examples, the one or more candidate devices are determined based on one or more alternative terms derived from one or more terms in the discourse input. Returning to the example of the discourse input, “Set the thermostat to sixty percent,” one or more alternative terms associated with “thermostat” are determined. In particular, “thermostat” is determined to be associated with the alternative terms “heater,” “A/C,” “radiator,” “regulator,” “thermometer,” and “humidifier.” In this example, the alternative terms are used to search the nodes of the data structure to determine the one or more candidate devices. For example, devices having user-defined device IDs “John's heater” and “office A/C” are identified based on the alternative terms, and the devices are included in the one or more candidate devices determined at block 808.

In some examples, the one or more alternative terms are based on phrases commonly used to refer to an action or device. For example, the discourse input “Open the door” can commonly be expressed as “Open the back,” “Open the back door,” “Open the back lock,” “Open the lock,” “Open the door lock,” or “Open the bolt.” In this example, the term “door” is determined to be associated with the alternative terms “back,” “back door,” “lock,” “door lock,” “back lock,” “back door lock,” and “bolt.” Candidate devices are identified from the data structure using the alternative terms. For example, devices associated with user-defined IDs or other attributes containing the alternative terms “back,” “lock,” or “back door” in the data structure are identified and included in the one or more candidate devices.

The one or more alternative terms are determined using a look-up table, a model, or a classifier. In particular, the look-up table, model, or classifier associates a term with one or more alternative terms. The association is based on semantic mapping. In some examples, the association is user-defined. For example, prior to receiving the discourse input at block 802, a user input defining an alternative term is received. The user input can, for example, include speech stating “The ‘television’ can be called the ‘telly.’” Based on the user input, the relevant look-up table, model, or classifier is updated such that “television” is associated with the alternative term “telly” and vice versa. Thus, the one or more alternative terms are based on the received user input.

In some examples, the one or more candidate devices are determined using retrieved context information. In one example, the discourse input is “Turn on John's lights.” Process 800 determines that “lights” is associated with a lighting device represented in the data structure. However, there can be several lighting devices represented in the data structure. In this example, retrieved context information serves to reduce the number of identified candidate devices. Specifically, the term “John” is determined to be associated with contact information, and, in response, contact information on the user device is searched in accordance with the term “John.” Through searching the contact information, information indicating that the user has a son named “John” is retrieved. The one or more candidate devices are thus determined based on this retrieved contact information. In particular, process 800 identifies from the data structure that the established location includes a region named “son's bedroom” (e.g., node 914 in FIG. 9), which is associated with the lighting device “son's lamp” (e.g., node 934). Thus, in this example, the one or more candidate devices are determined to include the device “son's lamp” in the son's bedroom.

It should be recognized that, in some examples, block 808 or 810 is integrated into block 812. For example, block 808 or 810 is performed as part of determining the user intent at block 812.

At block 812, a user intent corresponding to the discourse input is determined. The user intent refers to the inferred intent of the user in providing the discourse input. For example, the user intent is the actionable intent described above with reference to FIG. 7B. In a specific example, the inferred user intent corresponding to the discourse input “Open the door” is to have the back door of the user's house unlocked. The user intent is determined based on the one or more possible device characteristics of block 808 and one or more actual device characteristics of the one or more candidate devices of block 810.

In some examples, determining the user intent at block 812 includes determining a device from the one or more candidate devices. In particular, the candidate devices are narrowed down to the device that the user is most likely referring to. The determination is based on the one or more possible device characteristics and the one or more actual device characteristics of the one or more candidate devices of block 810. For example, one or more overlapping device characteristics that are common between one or more possible device characteristics and the one or more actual device characteristics are determined, and the device is determined based on the overlapping device characteristics.

In the example shown FIG. 10B, the one or more candidate devices are determined to include “central thermostat” (e.g., node 930) and “space heater” (e.g., node 932) based on the discourse input “Set the thermostat to sixty percent.” According to data structure 900, the actual device characteristics of the candidate device “central thermostat” include “temperature” and “humidity” and the actual device characteristics of the candidate device “space heater” include “temperature” and “fan speed.” Additionally, based on the most frequent device characteristic among the sets of possible device characteristics 1004-1010, the one or more possible device characteristic corresponding to the discourse input “Set the thermostat to sixty percent” are determined to be “humidity” (FIG. 10A). Thus, in this example, the one or more overlapping device characteristics that are common between one or more possible device characteristics and the one or more actual device characteristics are determined to be “humidity.” Because the overlapping device characteristic “humidity” corresponds to a device characteristic of “central thermostat” (e.g., node 930) but not to any device characteristic of “space heater” (e.g., node 932), the one or more candidate devices are narrowed down to the device “central thermostat” (e.g., node 930) in the living room of the user's house. The user intent is thus determined based on the device “central thermostat” (e.g., node 930). Specifically, based on the device “central thermostat,” the overlapping device characteristic “humidity,” and the words “sixty percent” in the discourse input, it is determined that the user intent is to program the humidity setpoint of the central thermostat in the user's living room to the value of sixty percent.

In some examples, more than one candidate user intent is determined. For example, it may not be possible to narrow down the candidate devices to a single device based on the one or more overlapping characteristics. In one such example, based on the discourse input “Open the door,” the one or more possible device characteristics are determined to include “position” and “lock.” Additionally, based on data structure 900, the candidate devices “garage door” (e.g., node 926) and “back door” (e.g., node 928) having actual device characteristics “position” and “lock,” respectively, are determined to correspond to the discourse input. In this example, the overlapping device characteristics that are common between the one or more possible device characteristics and the one or more actual device characteristics are determined to include “position” and “lock.” It is thus not possible to narrow down the candidate devices “garage door” (e.g., node 926) and “back door” (e.g., node 928) based on these overlapping device characteristics. Specifically, two candidate user intents are determined based on the candidate devices “garage door” (e.g., node 926) and “back door” (e.g., node 928), the overlapping device characteristics “position” and “lock,” and the word “open” in the discourse input. The first candidate user intent is to activate the garage door motor to lift open the garage door. The second candidate user intent is to unlock the back door entrance at the garage. In this example, additional information is required to disambiguate the user intent. In particular, the digital assistant retrieves additional information to determine a single user intent from the first and second candidate user intents. In some examples, the digital assistant automatically retrieves the additional information in response to determining more than one candidate user intent that cannot be disambiguated using the data structure.

In some examples, the user intent is disambiguated based on the position of the user at the time the discourse input was received. For example, a relative position of the user with respect to a region in the established location is determined. The user intent is then determined based on the determined relative position. For example, continuing with the discourse input of “Open the door,” a determination is made that when the discourse input was received, the user was closer to the garage door (e.g., node 926) than the back door (e.g., node 928). The relative position of the user is determined based on location data (e.g., GPS data, etc.) from the user device or data from various sensors (e.g., proximity sensors, image sensors, infrared sensors, motion sensors, etc.) disposed in and around the established location. For example, a motion sensor in front of the garage door is triggered and thus it is determined based on data obtained from the motion sensor that that the user is outside of the house on the driveway in front of the garage door. Because the user is closer to the garage door than the back door, it is determined that the first candidate user intent is more likely than the second candidate user intent. As a result, the user intent is determined to be activating the garage door motor to lift open the garage door.

In other examples, the user intent is disambiguated based on the operating states of the candidate devices. In particular, the operating state of each of the one or more candidate devices is obtained. In some examples, the operating state is obtained from the data structure. In some examples, the devices of the established location transmit their operating states (e.g., periodically or when a change in operating state occurs) to the user device and the operating states is updated in the data structure. Referring back to the example where the discourse input is “Open the door,” the operating states of the garage door (e.g., node 926) and the back door (e.g., node 928) are obtained from the data structure. The operating states indicate, for example, that the garage door is already open but the back door is locked. Because the garage door is already open, it is determined that the second candidate user intent of unlocking the back door entrance at the garage is more likely than the first candidate user intent of activating the garage door motor to lift open the garage door. Thus, based on the obtained operating states of the garage door and the back door, the user intent is determined to be unlocking the back door entrance at the garage.

In yet other examples, the user intent is disambiguated based on the salience of each action associated with the respective candidate user intent. For example, a first salience associated with opening the garage door and a second salience associated with unlocking the back door is determined. In the present example, the first salience is greater than the second salience because fewer users may request the back door to be unlocked than request the garage door to be opened. Also, the garage door is considered a more prominent feature of the garage than the back door. The candidate user intents are then ranked. In particular, based on the first salience being greater than the second salience, the first candidate user intent of activating the garage door motor to lift open the garage door is ranked higher than and the second candidate user intent of unlocking the back door entrance at the garage. As a result of the higher ranked first candidate user intent, the user intent is determined to be activating the garage door motor to lift open the garage door.

In some examples, the user intent is disambiguated based on additional information from the user. For example, dialogue (e.g., speech or text) is outputted on the user device. The dialogue requests clarification from the user regarding the user intent. For example, the dialogue asks the user whether the user wishes to “open the garage door” or “unlock the back door entrance.” User input that is responsive to the output dialogue is received. For example, the user input is a selection of the user intent of “open the garage door” received via a user interface of the user device. Based on the user input, the user intent is disambiguated between the first and second candidate user intents. Specifically, consistent with the user's selection, the user intent is determined to be activating the garage door motor to lift open the garage door. It should be appreciated that disambiguating based on additional information from the user is disruptive to the user and can, in some cases, negatively impact user experience. Therefore, in some examples, prompting the user for additional information to disambiguate the user intent is performed as a last resort only when the user intent cannot be disambiguated based on other available sources of information (e.g., contextual information, operating state of the candidate device, salience of the action, position of the user, etc.). For example, a determination is made as to whether the two or more candidate user intents are disambiguated based on information accessible to the user device. Dialogue requesting for additional information is outputted only in response to determining that the two or more candidate user intents cannot be disambiguated based on information accessible to the user device.

At block 814, instructions that cause a device of the one or more candidate devices to perform an action corresponding to the user intent are provided. In particular, for the example discourse input of “Set the thermostat to sixty percent,” the provided instructions cause the “central thermostat” (e.g., node 930) to change its humidity setpoint to sixty percent. For the other example discourse input of “Open the door,” the provided instructions cause the garage door motor to lift open the garage door. In some examples, the instructions are transmitted directly to the respective device (e.g., the thermostat or the garage door motor) to cause the device to perform the relevant action. In other examples, the instructions are transmitted to the user device and the instructions cause the user device to transmit a command to the respective device to perform the relevant action.

In some examples, the instructions are provided in response to receiving a user confirmation. In particular, prior to providing the instructions, dialogue (e.g., speech or text) confirming the action to be performed and the device performing the action is outputted. For example, the dialogue asks the user “Would you like to set the humidity of the living room thermostat to sixty percent?” or “Open the garage door?” A user input that is responsive to the output dialogue is received. The user input confirms or rejects the output dialogue. In one example, the user input is the speech input “yes.” In response to receiving user input confirming the output dialogue, the instructions are provided. Conversely, in response to receiving user input rejecting the output dialogue, process 800 forgoes providing the instructions.

In some examples, the user programs the user device to recognize a custom command that causes the operating states of a plurality of devices in the established location to be set in a predetermined manner. Such a set of predetermined operating states for the plurality of devices is referred to as a scene. For example, the user creates the custom scene command “party time” where in response to receiving this custom command, instructions are provided that cause the living room music player to turn on, the living room lights to dim to a brightness of 15%, and the living room disco ball to turn on. These predefined operating states of the living room music player, the living room lights, and the living room disco ball are stored in association with the custom scene command “party time.”

In some examples, the digital assistant detects, in associated with an event, one or more user inputs for setting the operating states of a plurality of devices and then prompts the user to create a corresponding custom scene command. For example, the one or more user inputs are provided by the user to, for example, turn on the kitchen and living room lights, set the thermostat to 75 degrees, and turn on the living room television. In some examples, the one or more user inputs are detected by detecting one or more corresponding changes in the operating states of the devices. In addition, the one or more user inputs are associated with the event of the user arriving home. For example, the one or more user inputs are detected within a predetermined duration after detecting one or more events related to the user arriving home. The one or more events include, for example, detecting a proximity sensor being activated in the garage or detecting the back door entrance being opened. In response to detecting the one or more user inputs in associated with the event, a prompt is provided. The prompt asks whether the user wishes to store the respective operating states of the plurality of devices in association with a custom scene command. For example, the prompt is “I noticed that upon arriving home, you turned on the kitchen and living room lights, set the thermostat to 75 degrees, and turned on the living room television. Would you like to create an “arrive home” scene with these device settings?” User input responsive to the prompt is received. For example, the user confirms or rejects the prompt to create a custom scene command associated with a set of operating states of a plurality of devices. In response to receiving a user input that confirms the prompt, the respective operating states of the plurality of devices are stored in association with the custom scene command such that in response to receiving the custom scene command, the user device causes the plurality of devices to be set to the respective operating states. Conversely, in response to receiving a user input that rejects the prompt, process 800 forgoes storing the respective operating states of the plurality of devices in association with the custom scene command.

In some examples, the digital assistant detects, in association with an existing scene, user input that causes an additional device in the set of devices to be set to a particular operating state and then prompt the user to modify the existing scene to include setting the additional device to the particular operating state. For example, the scene command “party time” is received from the user and in response to receiving the scene command, instruction are provided to cause the living room music player to turn on, the living room lights to dim to a brightness of 15%, and the living room disco ball to turn on. Then, within a predetermined duration of receiving the “party time” scene command, user input that causes the living room air conditioning to be set to 70 degrees is detected. For example, a change in the setpoint of the living room air conditioning to 70 degrees is detected. In response to detecting the user input, a prompt is provided to the user. The prompt asks whether the user wishes to store the operating state “70 degrees” of the living room air conditioning device in association with the custom scene command “party time.” For example, the prompt asks “Do you wish to add setting the living room air conditioning to 70 degrees to the ‘party time’ scene?” User input that is responsive to the prompt is received. The user input confirms or rejects the prompt. In response to receiving user input confirming the prompt, the operating state “70 degrees” of the living room air conditioning device is stored in association with the custom “scene” command. After the storing, in response to receiving the custom scene command “party time,” instructions are provided (e.g., by the user device or server) to cause the living room music player to turn on, the living room lights to dim to a brightness of 15%, the living room disco ball to turn on, and the living room air conditioning to be set to 70 degrees. Conversely, in response to receiving user input rejecting the prompt, process 800 forgoes storing the operating state “70 degrees” of the living room air conditioning device in association with the custom “scene” command.

FIG. 11 illustrates process 1100 for operating a digital assistant according to various examples. Process 1100 is performed, for example, using one or more electronic devices (e.g., devices 104, 106, 200, 400, or 600) implementing a digital assistant. In some examples, the processes is performed at a client-server system (e.g., system 100) implementing a digital assistant. The blocks of the processes can be divided up in any manner between the server (e.g., DA server 106) and the client (e.g., user device 104). In process 1100, some blocks are, optionally, combined, the order of some blocks is, optionally, changed, and some blocks are, optionally, omitted. In some examples, only a subset of the features or blocks described below with reference to FIG. 11 is performed. Further, one of ordinary skill would appreciate that the details of process 800 described above are also applicable in an analogous manner to process 1100 described below. For example, process 1100 optionally includes one or more of the characteristics of process 800 described above (and vice versa). For brevity, these details are not repeated below

At block 1102, discourse input representing a user request is received. Block 1102 is similar or identical to block 802 described above. For example, the discourse input is speech input or text input and is in natural language form. In some examples, the user request defines a request for a device of an established location (e.g., devices 130, 132, 134, or 136) to perform an action. Additionally, the user request defines a criterion that is required to be satisfied prior to performing the action. In some examples, the criterion is associated with a second device of the established location. For example, the discourse input is “Close the blinds when it reaches 80 degrees.”

At block 1104, a determination is made as to whether the discourse input relates to a device of an established location. Specifically, the determination includes determining whether the discourse input is requesting for a device of an established location to perform an action. Block 1104 is similar or identical to block 804, described above. For example, a determination is made as to whether the discourse input corresponds to a domain that is associated with an actionable intent of performing a task using a device of the established location. The discourse input is determined to relate to a device of the established location if the discourse input is determined to correspond to such a domain. In response to determining that the discourse input relates to a device of an established location, block 1106 is performed. Conversely, in response to determining that the discourse input does not relate to a device of an established location, block 1105 is performed. In particular, at block 1105, process 1100 forgoes retrieving a data structure representing a set of devices of the established location.

At block 1106, a data structure representing a set of devices of the established location is retrieved. Block 1106 is similar or identical to block 806, discussed above. In particular, the data structure is retrieved from the user device (e.g., user data and models 231 of user device 200) or from the server (e.g., data & models 116 of DA server 106). In some examples, the data structure defines a hierarchical relationship between a plurality of regions in the established location. The data structure further defines the relationship of each device of the set of devices with respect to the plurality of regions. The data structure is similar or identical to data structure 900 described with reference to FIG. 9.

At block 1108, a user intent corresponding to the discourse input is determined using the data structure retrieved at block 1106. Block 1108 is performed using natural language processing (e.g., with natural language processing module 732, vocabulary 744, and user data 748). The user intent is associated with an action to be performed by a device of the established location. Determining the user intent thus includes determining, based on the discourse input and the data structure, the action to be performed by the device (e.g., as described in block 812). For example, it is determined from the discourse input of “Close the blinds when it reaches 80 degrees” and based on the data structure that the action to be performed by the device is actuating the blinds to cause the blinds to close.

Determining the action to be performed by the device includes determining one or more possible device characteristics corresponding to the discourse input (e.g., as described in block 808). For example, based on the phrase “close the blinds” in the discourse input, the one or more possible device characteristics are determined to include “position.” Determining the action to be performed by the device further includes determining, based on the data structure, one or more candidate devices of the established location (e.g., as described in block 810) that correspond to the discourse input. For example, based on the phrase “close the blinds” in the discourse input, the one or more candidate devices are determined to include one or more “blinds” represented in the data structure that have an operating status of “open.” The device performing the action is then determined from the one or more candidate devices. For example, the device is determined from the one or more candidate devices based on one or more overlapping device characteristics that are common between the one or more possible device characteristics and one or more actual device characteristics of the one or more candidate devices (e.g., as described in block 812). In examples where disambiguation is required between multiple actions or devices, additional information (e.g., context information, operating state of the candidate devices, salience of the actions, position of the user, etc.) is retrieved. As discussed above in block 812, the additional information is used to disambiguate between the multiple actions or devices and determine an intended action to be performed by a device of the established location.

The action to be performed by the device of the established location includes causing at least a portion of the device to change positions. In particular, the action includes actuating the device to cause at least a portion of the device to change positions. For example, based on the discourse input of “Close the blinds when it reaches 80 degrees,” the action is determined to include actuating the blinds to cause the blinds to change from an open position to a closed position. Similarly, for the discourse input “Close the garage door after I enter the house,” the action is determined to include activating the garage motor to cause the garage door to change from an open position to a closed position.

In some examples, the action to be performed by the device causes a device to lock or unlock. For example, based on the discourse input of “Open the gate when the gardener arrives,” the action is determined to include unlocking the side gate of the established location. Other example discourse inputs that correspond to an action that causes a device of the established location to lock or unlock include “Lock the safe when I leave the house” or “Lock all the doors and windows when I go to bed.”

In some examples, the action to be performed by the device causes the device to be activated or deactivated. For example, based on the discourse input of “Turn on the alarm when I leave the house,” the action is determined to include activating the house alarm. Other exemplary actions that cause the device to activate or deactivate include turning the power of a device on or off, placing a device in an “active” mode or a “sleep,” or causing a device to “arm” or “disarm.”

In some examples, the action to be performed by the device causes a setpoint of the device to change. For example, based on the discourse input of “Set the thermostat to 76 when I get home,” the action is determined to include causing the temperature setpoint of the thermostat to change. Other exemplary actions that cause a setpoint of the device to change include setting the humidity of a humidifier or setting the temperature of an oven. In yet other examples, the action to be performed by the device causes a parameter value of the device to change. For example, the action causes the volume level of a music player to change to a particular value (e.g., 1-10), the fan speed of a fan to change to a particular setting (e.g., high, medium, low), the sprinkler duration of a sprinkler station to change to a particular duration, or a window to open by a certain percentage. In some examples, the action is defined in the discourse input using relative or ambiguous terms. For example, in the discourse input “Make the television louder when the train goes by,” the term “louder” is a relative term that is ambiguous. Process 1100 can determine a definite action corresponding to such a discourse input having relative or ambiguous terms. Specifically, in the present example, process 1100 can determine that the action includes causing the volume level of the television to increase by a predetermined amount relative to the current volume level or relative to a detected ambient noise level.

In some examples, the user intent is associated with a criterion to be satisfied prior to performing the action. In these examples, determining the user intent further includes determining, based on the discourse input and the data structure, the criterion to be satisfied prior to performing the action. For example, returning to the discourse input of “Close the blinds when it reaches 80 degrees,” it is determined based on the discourse input and the data structure that the criterion to be satisfied prior to closing the blinds is the detecting of a temperature value being equal to or greater than 80 degrees Fahrenheit at a particular temperature sensor in the established location.

The criterion is associated with a device characteristic of a second device of the established location. For example, the criterion of the discourse input “Close the blinds when it reaches 80 degrees,” is associated with the device characteristic “temperature” of the temperature sensor in the established location. Determining the user intent includes determining, based on the discourse input and data structure, the device characteristic of the second device associated with the criterion. The second device is determined in a similar manner as discussed above in blocks 808-812. In particular, one or more second possible device characteristics and one or more second candidate devices are determined from the portion of the discourse input defining the criterion. The second device is then determined based on one or more second overlapping device characteristics that are common between the one or more second possible device characteristics and one or more actual device characteristics of the one or more candidate devices (e.g., as described in block 812). Further, in some examples, the relationship of the second device with respect to the device performing the action is considered when determining the second device. For example, if there are two thermostats that cannot be disambiguated based on the data structure, the second device is determined to be the thermostat that is positioned closer to the blinds or associated with the same region as the blinds.

In some examples, the criterion is associated with an operating state of the second device. In particular, the criterion includes the requirement that the operating state of the second device be equal to a reference operating state. For example, the discourse input is “Set the thermostat to 72 degrees when the garage door is open.” In this example, the criterion is detecting the garage door having the operating status of “open.” More specifically, the criterion includes the requirement that the operating state of the second device transitions from a second reference operating state to a third reference operating state. For example, the criterion includes detecting the operating state of the garage door transitioning from a “closed” operating state to an “open” operating state. In another example where the discourse input is “Turn on the living room lights when the television is turned on,” the criterion includes detecting the operating state of the television transitioning from an “off” operating state to an “on” operating state.

In some examples, the criterion includes the requirement that an actual value representing the device characteristic be greater than, equal to, or less than a threshold value. For example, the discourse input is “Close the window when the temperature drops below 68 degrees.” In this example, the criterion is associated with the device characteristic of “temperature” for a temperature sensor of the established location. Specifically, the criterion includes detecting that the actual value (e.g., the temperature reading) representing the device characteristic “temperature” of an electronic thermometer is less than the threshold value of 68 degrees.

In some examples, the criterion is defined in the discourse input using one or more relative or ambiguous terms. Examples of discourse input that define the criterion using one or more relative or ambiguous terms include “Close the blinds when it's sunny outside,” “turn on the heater when it's cold,” “turn up the volume of the television when it gets noisy.” Specifically, in these examples, the criterion is defined in the discourse input using relative or ambiguous terms, such as “sunny,” “cold,” and “noisy.” As discussed in greater detail below, process 1100 can determine a definite criterion from the discourse input despite the use of relative or ambiguous terms in the discourse input to define the criterion.

In some examples, determining the user intent includes determining, based on the discourse input, the threshold value associated with the criterion. In particular, the threshold value is ambiguous in the discourse input and thus a quantitative threshold value may need to be interpreted from the discourse input. For example, the discourse input is “Turn on the kitchen fan when it gets too hot.” In this example, based on the words “when it gets too hot,” the criterion is determined to be detecting the temperature of an electronic thermometer exceeding a threshold value. The threshold value is determined based on the phrase “too hot” and one or more knowledge sources. Specifically, information from the one or more knowledge sources is retrieved in accordance with the phrase “too hot.” The knowledge sources can, for example, provide the historical temperature distribution of the established location and thus the threshold value is determined to be a predetermined percentile (e.g., 80^(th) percentile or 90^(th) percentile) of the temperature distribution. In another example, the knowledge source associates the term “hot” to a numeric threshold value of a corresponding device characteristic. For example, “hot” is associated with greater than 90 degrees measured at an electronic thermometer of the established location. Similarly, for other example discourse inputs where a criterion is defined based on an ambiguous adjective, the knowledge sources provide a corresponding threshold value for the respective device characteristic. For example, based on the knowledge sources, the criterion “when it's dark” is associated with less than 0.2 lux and the criterion “when it's noisy” is associated with greater than 90 decibels.

It should be recognized that the criterion can be associated with any device characteristic of any sensor of the established location. The sensor, for example, is a standalone sensor of the established location (e.g., standalone electronic thermometer, standalone light sensor, standalone motion sensor, etc.) or a sensor integrated in a device of the established location (e.g., thermometer of the thermostat for the central heater, photodiode of the nightlight, etc.) For example, the criterion is associated with the device characteristic of “humidity” for a humidity sensor of the established location. In particular, the discourse input is “Close the bathroom window when it starts raining,” or “Turn on the humidifier when it gets too dry.” As discussed above, corresponding quantitative values for the ambiguous criterion “too dry” or “starts raining” are determined based on the one or more knowledge sources. For example, “too dry” is determined to correspond to the criterion of detecting a relative humidity of less than a predetermined threshold value (e.g., 25%). Similarly, “starts raining” is determined to correspond to the criterion of detecting a relative humidity equal to 100% at a humidity sensor or detecting moisture content greater than a predetermined threshold value (e.g., 50%) at a moisture sensor of the established location.

In some examples, the criterion is associated with the device characteristic of “brightness” for a brightness sensor (e.g., light sensor, photodiode) of the established location. In particular, the discourse input is “Turn on the living room lights once it gets dark,” “Close the blinds if there's direct sunlight,” or “Bring down the shades half way when it gets too bright.” In these examples, corresponding quantitative values for the ambiguous criteria “dark,” “direct sunlight,” or “too bright” are determined. For example, “dark” is determined to correspond to the criterion of detecting a brightness of less than a predetermined value (e.g., 0.2 lux) at a brightness sensor of the established location. Similarly, “direct sunlight” or “too bright” corresponds to the criterion of detecting a brightness of greater than a second predetermined value (e.g., 25000 lux).

In some examples, the criterion is associated with the device characteristic of “air quality” for an air quality sensor of the established location. The air quality sensor can, for example, be a particulate sensor that measures the size and concentration of particles in the air or a gas sensor for measuring the concentration of one or more specific gases (e.g., carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, acetone, alcohols, etc.). Exemplary discourse inputs having criteria associated with the device characteristic of “air quality” for an air quality sensor of the established location include “Turn on the air filter when the air quality is unsafe” or “Close the window when dangerous gases are detected.” In these examples, the criterion is detecting (e.g., at an air quality sensor of the established location) a particulate level or a concentration level of a specific gas in the air that exceeds a predetermined threshold value.

In some examples, the criterion is associated with an authentication characteristic of an authentication device at the established location. The authentication characteristic is for example, a voiceprint, passcode, fingerprint, personal identification number, or the like. The authentication device is a device configured to obtain or receive authentication data (e.g., camera, capacitive touch sensor, microphone, keypad, security console, etc.). For example, the discourse input is “Open the door when the baby sitter arrives,” or “Unlock the door when John arrives.” In these examples, the criterion includes a requirement that a confidence value associated with the authentication characteristic of the authentication device be greater than or equal to a predetermined threshold value. For example, the baby sitter or John interacts with an authentication device at the front door of the established location to provide authentication data (e.g., voice sample, fingerprint, passcode, facial image, etc.). The authentication data is processed and compared with reference authentication data (e.g., reference voiceprint, reference fingerprint, reference passcode, etc.) to determine a confidence value. Specifically, the confidence value represents a probability that authentication data received from the authentication device matches reference authentication data. In these examples, the criterion for opening or unlocking the door is obtaining a confidence value that is greater than or equal to a predetermined threshold value.

In some examples, the criterion is determined using retrieved context information. In particular, the discourse input defines the criterion using one or more relative or ambiguous terms and determining the criterion requires, for example, utilizing context information to disambiguate the one or more relative or ambiguous terms. For instance, in one example, the discourse input is “Open the door when she arrives.” In this example, the discourse input defines the criterion for opening the door using the ambiguous term “she.” Determining the criterion thus requires disambiguating the term “she” using, for example, context information. In one example, prior to receiving the discourse input, a text message is received from the babysitter stating that she will be arriving in 15 minutes. Specifically, while the electronic device is displaying the text message from the babysitter, the discourse input “Open the front door when she arrives” is received from the user. In this example, the text message from the babysitter is context information that can be used to disambiguate the term “she” in the discourse input. In particular, based on the text message, a determination is made that “she” refers to the babysitter. Thus, in this example, based on the discourse input and the text message, the criterion is determined to include receiving authentication data corresponding to the babysitter at an authentication device associated with the front door of the user's house.

In some examples, the criterion includes the requirement that the action was performed less than a predetermined number of times within a predetermined period of time. For example, the discourse input is “Allow Owen access to the TV three times a week.” In this example, the criterion requires the determination that access to the TV was provided less than three times to an individual identified as Owen within the current week. In another example, the discourse input is “Allow the babysitter in once a day from 3-4 pm.” In this example, the criterion includes the determination that the front door was unlocked for less than one time from 3-4 pm that day for an individual identified as the baby sitter. It should be recognized that in these examples, the criterion further includes confirming the identity of the individual (e.g., “Owen” and “baby sitter”). In particular, the identity of the individual (e.g., Owen or the baby sitter) is confirmed based on authentication data received from the individual. For example, it is determined that authentication data received from an individual at the front door between 3-4 pm corresponds to the baby sitter. The front door is then unlocked if it is determined that the front door was unlocked for less than one time from 3-4 pm that day for the baby sitter.

In some examples, the criterion includes the requirement that a time indicated on the electronic device be equal to or after a reference time or within a range of reference times. The reference time is with respect to hours and minutes or with respect to a particular date. In some examples, the reference time is an absolute time. For example, the discourse input is “Turn on the porch light at 7 pm.” In this example, the criterion includes detecting that the current time is equal to 7 pm. In another example, the discourse input is “Close the garage door after 7 pm.” In this example, the criterion is detecting that the current time is after 7 pm. In yet another example, the discourse input is “Turn on the night light from 10 pm to 7 am.” In this example, the criterion is detecting that the current time is within the range of times 10 pm to 7 am.

In some examples, determining the user intent includes determining the reference time from the discourse input. In particular, for the discourse input “Turn on the Christmas lighting on Christmas Eve,” a database search is performed to determine that “Christmas Eve” refers to December 24^(th). Further, a determination is made that the action of turning on the lights is one that is typically performed in the evening. Based on this determination, it is determined that the reference time is at dusk (e.g., 5 pm) on December 24^(th). In other examples, the discourse input is “Disable the sprinklers on Chinese New Year” or “Turn off the porch light during the next full moon.” In these examples, the relevant date corresponding to “Chinese New Year” and “next full moon” is obtained and thus the reference time is determined based on the relevant date.

In some examples, the discourse input specifies a relative time rather than an absolute time. For example, the discourse input is “Turn on the Christmas lights two weeks before Christmas.” In this example, process 1100 first determines an initial reference time corresponding to “Christmas” (December 25^(th)) and then determine a duration associated with the initial reference time in the discourse input (e.g., two weeks). The reference time associated with the criterion is thus determined based on the initial reference date and the duration. Specifically, the reference time is determined to be December 11^(th), which is two weeks before Christmas (December 25^(th)). In this example, the determined criterion in the discourse input is thus detecting that the current time is equal to the reference time of December 11^(th).

In some examples, the user intent is associated with more than one criterion to be satisfied prior to performing the action. For example, the discourse input “Allow John to turn on the television once a day between 3 to 5 pm” includes three criteria: an authentication criterion of successfully authenticating that the requestor is “John,” a time criterion of being within the time range of 3 to 5 pm, and a frequency criterion of having turned on the television for John less than once within the time range of 3 to 5 pm that day. In another example, the discourse input “Let the house cleaner in between 9 to 10 am” includes multiple authentication criteria, which include detecting by a proximity sensor a person standing at the front door, successfully authenticating the person based on authentication data received at an authentication device by the front door, and receiving a text message from a device associated with the house cleaner.

In some examples, the user intent is associated with a first criterion and a second criterion and satisfying the second criterion requires the first criterion to be satisfied. For example, the discourse input is “Turn on the sprinklers 15 minutes after I leave the house.” In this example, the discourse input defines two criteria. The first criterion requires detecting the user leaving the house (e.g., using motion sensors and/or based on the garage door opening and closing). The second criterion requires the current time be equal to a reference time that is 15 minutes after the time when the user is detected to leave the house. In this example, the second criterion cannot be satisfied without the first criterion being satisfied since the second criterion is based on a reference time that is relative to the first criterion being satisfied.

Although the examples described above are mainly directed to actions performed by devices of an established location, it should be recognized that, in some examples, the user intent is associated with an action performed by a device separate from the set of devices of the established location. In particular, the device may not be represented in the data structure. For example, the user intent is associated with an action performed by the user device (e.g., user device 104) or the server (e.g., DA server 106). In one such example, the action includes causing a notification associated with the criterion to be provided. For example, based on the discourse input “Tell me when the front door is open,” the determined user intent is associated with the criterion of detecting the front door being opened. The action to be performed by the user device upon determining that the criterion is satisfied includes causing a notification (e.g., text or speech) to be provided at the user device. The notification indicates that the front door has been opened. Other examples of discourse inputs corresponding to actions performed by the user device include “Text the baby sitter the entry passcode when she arrives,” “Alert me when the home alarm is triggered,” “Tell me when someone turns on the television,” “Call the fire department when the smoke detector goes off.” In these examples, the criterion is associated with a device of the established location, whereas the action is to be performed by the user device.

At block 1110, the determined action and the determined device to perform the action are stored in association with the determined criterion. For example, instructions are stored based on the determined action, device, and criterion. In particular, the instructions cause the user device to continuously or periodically monitor data associated with the criterion to determine whether the criterion is satisfied. The data associated with the criterion is, for example, data of the user device, data from a sensor of the established location, or data indicating the operating state of a device at the established location. In some examples, the data associated with the criterion is actively retrieved by the device. In some examples, the device passively receives the data associated with the criterion and analyzes the data to determine whether the criterion is satisfied.

The stored instructions further cause the user device to perform a task in response to determining that the criterion is satisfied. For example, the instructions cause the user device to transmit a command that causes the action to be performed by the device. The action is thus performed by the device in accordance with a determination that the criterion is satisfied.

At block 1112, data associated with the criterion is received. As discussed above, the data is received from a device of the established location. In particular, returning to the example discourse input “Close the blinds when it reaches 80 degrees,” the received data is temperature data from the thermostat of the established location. The temperature data is periodically transmitted by the thermostat and received by the user device. In some examples, the user device actively retrieves the temperature data from the thermostat. In other examples, the data is data generated or obtained from the user device (e.g., time data, email data, messages data, location data, sensors data, etc.). In yet other examples, the data is retrieved from the data structure (e.g., operating state, such as on/off, locked/unlocked, open/close, etc.)

At block 1114, a determination is made from the received data of block 1112 whether the criterion is satisfied. In particular, the received data is analyzed to determine whether the criterion is satisfied. For example, the received data indicates that the thermostat is detecting a temperature of 84 degrees. Based on the discourse input “Close the blinds when it reaches 80 degrees,” the criterion is detecting a temperature of the thermostat that is equal to or greater than the reference temperature of 80 degrees. In this example, a determination is made from the received data that the criterion has been satisfied.

In response to determining that the criterion has been satisfied, block 1116 is performed. Conversely, in response to determining that the criterion is not satisfied, process 1100 returns to block 1112 where new or updated data associated with the criterion is received. Process 1100 thus forgoes performing block 1116 in response to determining that the criterion has not been satisfied.

At block 1116, instructions that cause the device of the set of devices to perform the action are provided. Returning to the example discourse input “Close the blinds when it reaches 80 degrees,” instructions are provided that cause the blinds to close. Block 1116 is similar or identical to block 814, described above.

5. Electronic Devices

FIG. 12 shows a functional block diagram of electronic device 1200 configured in accordance with the principles of the various described examples. The functional blocks of the device can be optionally implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software to carry out the principles of the various described examples. It is understood by persons of skill in the art that the functional blocks described in FIG. 12 can be optionally combined or separated into sub-blocks to implement the principles of the various described examples. Therefore, the description herein optionally supports any possible combination, separation, or further definition of the functional blocks described herein.

As shown in FIG. 12, electronic device 1200 includes touch screen display unit 1202 configured to display a graphical user interface and to receive input (e.g., text input) from the user, audio input unit 1204 configured to receive audio input (e.g., speech input) from the user, and communication unit 1206 configured to transmit and receive information. Electronic device 1200 further includes processing unit 1208 coupled to touch screen display unit 1202, audio input unit 1204, and communication unit 1206. In some examples, processing unit 1208 includes receiving unit 1210, determining unit 1212, retrieving unit 1214, providing unit 1216, obtaining unit 1218, modifying unit 1220, outputting unit 1222, detecting unit 1224, and storing unit 1226.

In accordance with some embodiments, processing unit 1208 is configured to receive (e.g., with receiving unit 1212 and via touch screen display unit 1202 or audio input unit) discourse input (e.g., discourse input of block 802) representing a user request. Processing unit 1208 is further configured to determine (e.g., with determining unit 1212) one or more possible device characteristics (e.g., possible device characteristics of block 808) corresponding to the discourse input. Processing unit 1208 is further configured to retrieve (e.g., with retrieving unit 1214) a data structure (e.g., data structure of block 806) representing a set of devices of an established location. Processing unit 1208 is further configured to determine (e.g., with determining unit 1212), based on the data structure, one or more candidate devices (e.g., candidate devices of block 810) from the set of devices. The one or more candidate devices correspond to the discourse input. Processing unit 1208 is further configured to determine (e.g., with determining unit 1212), based on the one or more possible device characteristics and one or more actual device characteristics of the one or more candidate devices, a user intent (e.g., user intent of block 812) corresponding to the discourse input. Processing unit 1208 is further configured to provide (e.g., with providing unit 1216 and communication unit 1206) instructions (e.g., instructions of block 814) that cause a device of the one or more candidate devices to perform an action corresponding to the user intent.

In some examples, determining the user intent further comprises determining one or more candidate user intents (e.g., candidate user intents of block 812) corresponding to the discourse input, and determining the user intent from the one or more candidate user intents based on the one or more possible device characteristics and the one or more actual device characteristics.

In some examples, determining the user intent further comprises determining the device (e.g., device of block 812) from the one or more candidate devices based on the one or more possible device characteristics and the one or more actual device characteristics.

In some examples, processing unit 1208 is further configured to determine (e.g., with determining unit 1212) one or more overlapping device characteristics (e.g., overlapping device characteristics of block 812) that are common between one or more possible device characteristics and the one or more actual device characteristics. The user intent is determined based on the one or more overlapping device characteristics.

In some examples, processing unit 1208 is further configured to determine (e.g., with determining unit 1212) a relative position of a user with respect to a region in the established location (e.g., block 812). The discourse input is associated with the user and the user intent is determined based on the relative position.

In some examples, processing unit 1208 is further configured to obtain (e.g., with obtaining unit 1218) an operating state of each of the one or more candidate devices (e.g., block 812). The user intent is determined based on the operating state of each of the one or more candidate devices.

In some examples, determining the user intent further comprises determining, based on the one or more possible device characteristics and the one or more actual device characteristics, a first candidate user intent corresponding to the discourse input and a second candidate user intent corresponding to the discourse input, determining a first salience of a first action associated with the first candidate user intent and a second salience of a second action associated with the second candidate user intent, and ranking the first user intent and the second user intent based on the first salience and the second salience (e.g., block 812). The user intent is determined based on the ranking.

In some examples, determining the user intent further comprises determining, based on the one or more possible device characteristics and the one or more actual device characteristics, two or more candidate user intents corresponding to the discourse input and determining whether the two or more candidate user intents can be disambiguated (e.g., block 812). Determining the user intent further comprises, in response to determining that the two or more candidate user intents cannot be disambiguated, outputting dialogue that requests for additional information (e.g., block 812). Determining the user intent further comprises receiving user input responsive to the output dialogue, and disambiguating the two or more candidate user intents based on the user input to determine the user intent (e.g., block 812).

In some examples, determining the one or more possible device characteristics further comprises determining one or more second possible device characteristics corresponding to a first term in the discourse input, and determining one or more third possible device characteristics corresponding to a second term in the discourse input, wherein the one or more possible device characteristics is determined based on the one or more second possible device characteristics and the one or more third possible device characteristics (e.g., block 808).

In some examples, processing unit 1208 is further configured to determine (e.g., with determining unit 1212) whether the discourse input corresponds to a domain (e.g., block 804), the domain associated with an actionable intent of performing a task based on a device of the established location. Retrieving the data structure representing the set of devices of the established location is performed in response to determining that the discourse input corresponds to the domain.

In some examples, processing unit 1208 is further configured to retrieve (e.g., with retrieving unit 1214) contact information based on a term in the discourse input, wherein the one or more candidate devices of the set of devices is determined based on the retrieved contact information (e.g., block 810).

In some examples, determining the one or more candidate devices of the set of devices further comprises determining one or more alternative terms associated with a second term in the discourse input, wherein the one or more candidate devices is determined based on the one or more alternative terms (e.g., block 810).

In some examples, an alternative term of the one or more alternative terms is based on second user input received at the electronic device prior to receiving the discourse input (e.g., block 810).

In some examples, processing unit 1208 is further configured to determine (e.g., with determining unit 1212) a location corresponding to the discourse input. Processing unit 1208 is further configured to determine (e.g., with determining unit 1212), based on the location, the established location from a plurality of established locations (e.g., block 806).

In some examples, the data structure defines a hierarchical relationship between a plurality of regions in the established location, and a relationship between each device of the set of devices and the plurality of regions (e.g., block 806).

In some examples, each device in the set of devices and each region in the plurality of regions are identified in the data structure with respect to a temporary session key associated with the received discourse input (e.g., block 806).

In some examples, the data structure defines one or more actual device characteristics associated with each device in the set of devices (e.g., block 806). In some examples, the data structure defines an operating state of each device in the set of devices (e.g., block 806).

In some examples, processing unit 1208 is further configured to receive (e.g., with receiving unit 1210) a first attribute of a first device in the established location and a second attribute of a second device in the established location. Processing unit 1208 is further configured to determine (e.g., with determining unit 1212), based on the first attribute and the second attribute, a relationship between the first device and the second device with respect to the established location. Processing unit 1208 is further configured to provide (e.g., with providing unit 1216) a prompt to modify the data structure based on the determined relationship. Processing unit 1208 is further configured to receive (e.g., with receiving unit 1210 and via touch screen display unit 1202 or audio input unit 1204) a third user input responsive to the prompt. Processing unit 1208 is further configured to, in response to receiving the third user input, modify (e.g., with modifying unit 1220) the data structure to define the determined relationship between the first device and the second device with respect to the established location (e.g., block 806).

In some examples, the discourse input is in natural language form, and the discourse input is ambiguous with respect to defining the action (e.g., block 802). In some examples, the discourse input is in natural language form, and the discourse input is ambiguous with respect to defining the device for performing the action (e.g., block 802).

In some examples, processing unit 1208 is further configured to, prior to providing the instructions, output (e.g., outputting unit 1222) second dialogue confirming the action to be performed and the device performing the action (e.g., block 814). Processing unit 1208 is further configured to, prior to providing the instructions, receive (e.g., with receiving unit 1210 and via touch screen display unit 1202 or audio input unit 1204) a fourth user input responsive to the second output dialogue (e.g., block 814). The instructions are provide in response to receiving the fourth user input.

In some examples, processing unit 1208 is further configured to detect (e.g., with detecting unit 1224), in association with an event, one or more user inputs that cause a plurality of devices in the set of devices to be set to respective operating states. Processing unit 1208 is further configured to, in response to detecting the one or more user inputs, provide (e.g., with providing unit 1216) a second prompt to store the respective operating states of the plurality of devices in association with a custom command. Processing unit 1208 is further configured to, receive (e.g., with receiving unit 1210 and via touch screen display unit 1202 or audio input unit 1204) a user input responsive to the second prompt. Processing unit 1208 is further configured to, in response to receiving the fifth user input, store (e.g., with storing unit) the respective operating states of the plurality of devices in association with the custom command, wherein in response to receiving the custom command, the electronic device causes the plurality of devices to be set to the respective operating states (e.g., block 814).

In some examples, processing unit 1208 is further configured to detect (e.g., with detecting unit 1224), in association with a second plurality of devices in the set of devices being set to second respective operating states, a sixth user input that causes a third device in the set of devices to be set to a third operating state, wherein the second respective operating states of the second plurality of devices are stored in association with a second custom command. Processing unit 1208 is further configured to, in response to detecting the sixth user input, provide (e.g., with providing unit 1216) a third prompt to store the third operating state of the third device in association with the second custom command. Processing unit 1208 is further configured to receive (e.g., with receiving unit 1210 and via touch screen display unit 1202 or audio input unit 1204) a seventh user input responsive to the third prompt. Processing unit 1208 is further configured to, in response to receiving the seventh user input, store storing the third operating state of the third device in association with the second custom command, wherein in response to receiving the second custom command after storing the third operating state of the third device in association with the second custom command, the electronic device causes the second plurality of devices to be set to the second respective operating states and the third device to be set to the third operating state (e.g., block 814).

The operations described above with reference to FIG. 8 are optionally implemented by components depicted in FIGS. 1-4, 6A-B, 7A, and 12. For example, the operations of process 800 may be implemented by one or more of operating system 718, applications module 724, I/O processing module 728, STT processing module 730, natural language processing module 732, task flow processing module 736, service processing module 738, or processor(s) 220, 410, 704. It would be clear to a person having ordinary skill in the art how other processes are implemented based on the components depicted in FIGS. 1-4, 6A-B, and 7A.

FIG. 13 shows a functional block diagram of electronic device 13200 configured in accordance with the principles of the various described examples. The functional blocks of the device can be optionally implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software to carry out the principles of the various described examples. It is understood by persons of skill in the art that the functional blocks described in FIG. 13 can be optionally combined or separated into sub-blocks to implement the principles of the various described examples. Therefore, the description herein optionally supports any possible combination, separation, or further definition of the functional blocks described herein.

As shown in FIG. 13, electronic device 1300 includes touch screen display unit 1302 configured to display a graphical user interface and to receive input (e.g., text input) from the user, audio input unit 1304 configured to receive audio input (e.g., speech input) from the user, and communication unit 1306 configured to transmit and receive information. Electronic device 1300 further includes processing unit 1308 coupled to touch screen display unit 1302, audio input unit 1304, and communication unit 1306. In some examples, processing unit 1308 includes receiving unit 1310, determining unit 1312, retrieving unit 1314, providing unit 1316, and storing unit 1318.

In accordance with some embodiments, processing unit 1308 is configured to receive (e.g., with receiving unit 1310 and via touch screen display unit 1302 or audio input unit 1304) discourse input (e.g., discourse input of block 1102) representing a user request. Processing unit 1708 is further configured to determine (e.g., with determining unit 1312) whether the discourse input relates to a device of an established location (e.g., block 1104). Processing unit 1308 is further configured to, in response to determining that the discourse input relates to a device of an established location, retrieve (e.g., with retrieving 1314) a data structure (e.g., data structure of block 1106) representing a set of devices of the established location. Processing unit 1308 is further configured to determine (e.g., with determining unit 1312), using the data structure, a user intent (e.g., user intent of block 1108) corresponding to the discourse input. The user intent is associated with an action to be performed by a device of the set of devices and a criterion to be satisfied prior to performing the action. Processing unit 1308 is further configured to store (e.g., with storing unit 1318) the action and the device in association with the criterion, wherein the action is performed by the device in accordance with a determination that the criterion is satisfied (e.g., block 1110).

In some examples, the criterion is associated with an actual device characteristic of a second device of the set of devices (e.g., block 1108).

In some examples, determining the user intent further comprises 1) determining, based on the discourse input and data structure, the actual device characteristic of the second device (e.g., block 1108), and 2) determining, based on the data structure and the discourse input, the second device from the set of devices (e.g., block 1108).

In some examples, the criterion comprises a requirement that an actual value representing the actual device characteristic is greater than, equal to, or less than a threshold value (e.g., threshold value of block 1108).

In some examples, determining the user intent further comprises determining, based on the discourse input, the threshold value (e.g., block 1108).

In some examples, the actual device characteristic is humidity, and the second device includes a humidity sensor (e.g., block 1108). In some examples, the actual device characteristic is temperature, and the second device includes a temperature sensor (e.g., block 1108). In some examples, the actual device characteristic is brightness, and the second device includes a brightness sensor (e.g., block 1108). In some examples, the actual device characteristic is air quality, and wherein the second device includes an air quality sensor (e.g., block 1108). In some examples, the actual device characteristic is an authentication characteristic, and the second device includes an authentication device (e.g., block 1108).

In some examples, the criterion comprises a requirement that a confidence value is greater than or equal to a threshold value (e.g., block 1108). The confidence value represents a probability that authentication data received from the authentication device matches reference authentication data.

In some examples, the criterion is associated with an operating state of a third device of the set of devices (e.g., block 1108). In some examples, the criterion comprises a requirement that the operating state of the third device is equal to a reference operating state (e.g., block 1108). In some examples, the criterion comprises a requirement that the operating state of the third device transitions from a second reference operating state to a third reference operating state (e.g., block 1108). In some examples, the criterion comprises a requirement that the action was performed less than a predetermined number of times within a predetermined period of time (e.g., block 1108).

In some examples, the criterion comprises a requirement that a time of electronic device 1300 is equal to or greater than a reference time (e.g., block 1108). In some examples, determining the user intent further comprises determining the reference time from the discourse input (e.g., block 1108). In some examples, determining the reference time further comprises 1) determining a second reference time from the discourse input (e.g., block 1108), and 2) determining a duration associated with the reference time, wherein the reference time is determined based on the second reference time and the duration (e.g., block 1108).

In some examples, processing unit 1308 is further configured to receive (e.g., with receiving unit 1310 and via communication unit 1306) data (e.g., data of block 1112) associated with the criterion. Processing unit 1308 is further configured to determine (e.g., with determining unit 1312) from the received data whether the criterion is satisfied (e.g., block 1114). Processing unit 1308 is further configured to, in response to determining that the criterion is satisfied, provide (e.g., with providing unit 1316) instructions (e.g., instructions of block 1116) that cause the device of the set of devices to perform the action.

In some examples, the user intent is associated with a second criterion to be satisfied prior to performing the action (e.g., block 1108). In some examples, satisfying the second criterion requires the criterion to be satisfied (e.g., block 1108).

In some examples, processing unit 1308 is further configured to receive (e.g., with receiving unit 1310 and via communication unit 1306) second data associated with the second criterion (e.g., block 1112). Processing unit 1308 is further configured to determine (e.g., with determining unit 1312) from the received second data whether the second criterion is satisfied (e.g., block 1114), where the instructions are provided in response to determining that the second criterion is satisfied (e.g., block 1116).

In some examples, the action includes providing a notification associated with the criterion (e.g., block 1108). In some examples, performing the action by the device causes a portion of the device to change positions (e.g., block 1108). In some examples, performing the action by the device causes a device to lock or unlock (e.g., block 1108). In some examples, performing the action by the device causes the device to be activated or deactivated (e.g., block 1108). In some examples, performing the action by the device causes a setpoint of the device to change (e.g., block 1108).

In some examples, processing unit 1308 is further configured to, in response to determining that the criterion is satisfied, provide (e.g., with providing unit 1316) a prompt to perform the action using the device (e.g., block 1116). Processing unit 1308 is further configured to receive (e.g., with receiving unit 1310) a user input responsive to the prompt (e.g., block 1116). Processing unit 1308 is further configured to, in response to receiving the user input, provide (e.g., with providing unit 1316) instructions that cause the device to perform the action (e.g., block 1116).

The operations described above with reference to FIG. 11 are optionally implemented by components depicted in FIGS. 1-4, 6A-B, 7A, and 13. For example, the operations of process 1100 are implemented by one or more of operating system 718, applications module 724, I/O processing module 728, STT processing module 730, natural language processing module 732, task flow processing module 736, service processing module 738, or processor(s) 220, 410, 704. It would be clear to a person having ordinary skill in the art how other processes are implemented based on the components depicted in FIGS. 1-4, 6A-B, and 7A.

In accordance with some implementations, a computer-readable storage medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer readable storage medium) is provided, the computer-readable storage medium storing one or more programs for execution by one or more processors of an electronic device, the one or more programs including instructions for performing any of the methods or processes described herein.

In accordance with some implementations, an electronic device (e.g., a portable electronic device) is provided that comprises means for performing any of the methods or processes described herein.

In accordance with some implementations, an electronic device (e.g., a portable electronic device) is provided that comprises a processing unit configured to perform any of the methods or processes described herein.

In accordance with some implementations, an electronic device (e.g., a portable electronic device) is provided that comprises one or more processors and memory storing one or more programs for execution by the one or more processors, the one or more programs including instructions for performing any of the methods or processes described herein.

The foregoing description, for purpose of explanation, has been described with reference to specific embodiments. However, the illustrative discussions above are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in view of the above teachings. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the techniques and their practical applications. Others skilled in the art are thereby enabled to best utilize the techniques and various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.

Although the disclosure and examples have been fully described with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be noted that various changes and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications are to be understood as being included within the scope of the disclosure and examples as defined by the claims.

As described above, one aspect of the present technology is the gathering and use of data available from various sources to improve the delivery to users of invitational content or any other content that may be of interest to them. The present disclosure contemplates that in some instances, this gathered data may include personal information data that uniquely identifies or can be used to contact or locate a specific person. Such personal information data can include demographic data, location-based data, telephone numbers, email addresses, home addresses, device characteristics of personal devices, or any other identifying information.

The present disclosure recognizes that the use of such personal information data, in the present technology, can be used to the benefit of users. For example, the personal information data can be used to deliver targeted content that is of greater interest to the user. Accordingly, use of such personal information data enables calculated control of the delivered content. Further, other uses for personal information data that benefit the user are also contemplated by the present disclosure.

The present disclosure further contemplates that the entities responsible for the collection, analysis, disclosure, transfer, storage, or other use of such personal information data will comply with well-established privacy policies and/or privacy practices. In particular, such entities should implement and consistently use privacy policies and practices that are generally recognized as meeting or exceeding industry or governmental requirements for maintaining personal information data private and secure. For example, personal information from users should be collected for legitimate and reasonable uses of the entity and not shared or sold outside of those legitimate uses. Further, such collection should occur only after receiving the informed consent of the users. Additionally, such entities would take any needed steps for safeguarding and securing access to such personal information data and ensuring that others with access to the personal information data adhere to their privacy policies and procedures. Further, such entities can subject themselves to evaluation by third parties to certify their adherence to widely accepted privacy policies and practices.

Despite the foregoing, the present disclosure also contemplates embodiments in which users selectively block the use of, or access to, personal information data. That is, the present disclosure contemplates that hardware and/or software elements can be provided to prevent or block access to such personal information data. For example, in the case of advertisement delivery services, the present technology can be configured to allow users to select to “opt in” or “opt out” of participation in the collection of personal information data during registration for services. In another example, users can select not to provide location information for targeted content delivery services. In yet another example, users can select to not provide precise location information, but permit the transfer of location zone information.

Therefore, although the present disclosure broadly covers use of personal information data to implement one or more various disclosed embodiments, the present disclosure also contemplates that the various embodiments can also be implemented without the need for accessing such personal information data. That is, the various embodiments of the present technology are not rendered inoperable due to the lack of all or a portion of such personal information data. For example, content can be selected and delivered to users by inferring preferences based on non-personal information data or a bare minimum amount of personal information, such as the content being requested by the device associated with a user, other non-personal information available to the content delivery services, or publically available information. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for operating a digital assistant, the method comprising: at an electronic device with a processor, and memory: receiving an utterance representing a current user request; determining a plurality of sets of possible device characteristics, each corresponding to a respective term in the utterance; selecting a possible device characteristic from the plurality of sets of possible device characteristics based on a frequency of occurrence of the possible device characteristic in the plurality of sets of possible device characteristics; retrieving a data structure representing a set of devices of an established location; determining, based on the data structure, one or more candidate devices from the set of devices, the one or more candidate devices corresponding to the utterance; determining an overlapping device characteristic that is common between the selected possible device characteristic and one or more actual device characteristics of the one or more candidate devices; determining, based on the overlapping device characteristic, a user intent corresponding to the utterance; and providing instructions that cause a device of the one or more candidate devices to perform an action corresponding to the user intent.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the user intent further comprises: determining one or more candidate user intents corresponding to the utterance; and determining the user intent from the one or more candidate user intents based on the overlapping device characteristic.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the user intent further comprises: determining the device from the one or more candidate devices based on the overlapping device characteristic.
 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining a relative position of a user with respect to a region in the established location, wherein the utterance is associated with the user, and wherein the user intent is determined based on the relative position.
 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: obtaining an operating state of each of the one or more candidate devices, wherein the user intent is determined based on the operating state of each of the one or more candidate devices.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the user intent further comprises: determining, based on the overlapping device characteristic, a first candidate user intent corresponding to the utterance and a second candidate user intent corresponding to the utterance; determining a first salience of a first action associated with the first candidate user intent and a second salience of a second action associated with the second candidate user intent; and ranking the first candidate user intent and the second candidate user intent based on the first salience and the second salience, wherein the user intent is determined based on the ranking.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the user intent further comprises: determining, based on the overlapping device characteristic, two or more candidate user intents corresponding to the utterance; determining whether the two or more candidate user intents can be disambiguated; in response to determining that the two or more candidate user intents cannot be disambiguated, outputting dialogue that requests for additional information; receiving user input responsive to the output dialogue; and disambiguating the two or more candidate user intents based on the user input to determine the user intent.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the plurality of sets of possible device characteristics further comprises: determining one or more second possible device characteristics corresponding to a first term in the utterance; and determining one or more third possible device characteristics corresponding to a second term in the utterance, wherein the possible device characteristic is selected based on the one or more second possible device characteristics and the one or more third possible device characteristics.
 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining whether the utterance corresponds to a domain, the domain associated with an actionable intent of performing a task based on a device of the established location, wherein retrieving the data structure representing the set of devices of the established location is performed in response to determining that the utterance corresponds to the domain.
 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising: retrieving contact information based on a term in the utterance, wherein the one or more candidate devices of the set of devices are determined based on the retrieved contact information.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the one or more candidate devices of the set of devices further comprises: determining one or more alternative terms associated with a second term in the utterance, wherein the one or more candidate devices is determined based on the one or more alternative terms.
 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining a location corresponding to the utterance; and determining, based on the location, the established location from a plurality of established locations.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the data structure defines: a hierarchical relationship between a plurality of regions in the established location; and a relationship between each device of the set of devices and the plurality of regions.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the data structure defines one or more actual device characteristics associated with each device in the set of devices.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the data structure defines an operating state of each device in the set of devices.
 16. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving a first attribute of a first device in the established location and a second attribute of a second device in the established location; determining, based on the first attribute and the second attribute, a relationship between the first device and the second device with respect to the established location; providing a prompt to modify the data structure based on the determined relationship; receiving a third user input responsive to the prompt; and in response to receiving the third user input, modifying the data structure to define the determined relationship between the first device and the second device with respect to the established location.
 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the utterance is in natural language form, and wherein the utterance is ambiguous with respect to defining the action.
 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the utterance is in natural language form, and wherein the utterance is ambiguous with respect to defining the device for performing the action.
 19. The method of claim 1, further comprising: detecting, in association with an event, one or more user inputs that cause a plurality of devices in the set of devices to be set to respective operating states; in response to detecting the one or more user inputs, providing a second prompt to store the respective operating states of the plurality of devices in association with a custom command; receiving a fifth user input responsive to the second prompt; and in response to receiving the fifth user input, storing the respective operating states of the plurality of devices in association with the custom command, wherein in response to receiving the custom command, the electronic device causes the plurality of devices to be set to the respective operating states.
 20. The method of claim 1, further comprising: detecting, in association with a second plurality of devices in the set of devices being set to second respective operating states, a sixth user input that causes a third device in the set of devices to be set to a third operating state, wherein the second respective operating states of the second plurality of devices are stored in association with a second custom command; in response to detecting the sixth user input, providing a third prompt to store the third operating state of the third device in association with the second custom command; receiving a seventh user input responsive to the third prompt; and in response to receiving the seventh user input, storing the third operating state of the third device in association with the second custom command, wherein in response to receiving the second custom command after storing the third operating state of the third device in association with the second custom command, the electronic device causes the second plurality of devices to be set to the second respective operating states and the third device to be set to the third operating state.
 21. An electronic device comprising: one or more processors; and memory storing one or more programs, the one or more programs including instructions which, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to: receive an utterance representing a current user request; determine a plurality of sets of possible device characteristics, each corresponding to a respective term in the utterance; select a possible device characteristic from the plurality of sets of possible device characteristics based on a frequency of occurrence of the possible device characteristic in the plurality of sets of possible device characteristics; retrieve a data structure representing a set of devices of an established location; determine, based on the data structure, one or more candidate devices from the set of devices, the one or more candidate devices corresponding to the utterance; determine an overlapping device characteristic that is common between the selected possible device characteristic and one or more actual device characteristics of the one or more candidate devices; determine, based on the overlapping device characteristic, a user intent corresponding to the utterance; and provide instructions that cause a device of the one or more candidate devices to perform an action corresponding to the user intent.
 22. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing one or more programs, the one or more programs comprising instructions which, when executed by one or more processors of an electronic device, cause the electronic device to: receive an utterance representing a current user request; determine a plurality of sets of possible device characteristics, each corresponding to a respective term in the utterance; select a possible device characteristic from the plurality of sets of possible device characteristics based on a frequency of occurrence of the possible device characteristic in the plurality of sets of possible device characteristics; retrieve a data structure representing a set of devices of an established location; determine, based on the data structure, one or more candidate devices from the set of devices, the one or more candidate devices corresponding to the utterance; determine an overlapping device characteristic that is common between the selected possible device characteristic and one or more actual device characteristics of the one or more candidate devices; determine, based on the overlapping device characteristic, a user intent corresponding to the utterance; and provide instructions that cause a device of the one or more candidate devices to perform an action corresponding to the user intent.
 23. The device of claim 21, wherein determining the user intent further comprises: determining the device from the one or more candidate devices based on the overlapping device characteristic.
 24. The device of claim 21, wherein the data structure defines: a hierarchical relationship between a plurality of regions in the established location; and a relationship between each device of the set of devices and the plurality of regions.
 25. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 22, wherein determining the user intent further comprises: determining the device from the one or more candidate devices based on the overlapping device characteristic.
 26. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 22, wherein the data structure defines: a hierarchical relationship between a plurality of regions in the established location; and a relationship between each device of the set of devices and the plurality of regions.
 27. The device of claim 21, wherein the instructions further cause the one or more processors to: determine a relative position of a user with respect to a region in the established location, wherein the utterance is associated with the user, and wherein the user intent is determined based on the relative position.
 28. The device of claim 21, wherein determining the user intent further comprises: determining, based on the overlapping device characteristic, a first candidate user intent corresponding to the utterance and a second candidate user intent corresponding to the utterance; determining a first salience of a first action associated with the first candidate user intent and a second salience of a second action associated with the second candidate user intent; and ranking the first candidate user intent and the second candidate user intent based on the first salience and the second salience, wherein the user intent is determined based on the ranking.
 29. The device of claim 21, wherein determining the user intent further comprises: determining, based on the overlapping device characteristic, two or more candidate user intents corresponding to the utterance; determining whether the two or more candidate user intents can be disambiguated; in response to determining that the two or more candidate user intents cannot be disambiguated, outputting dialogue that requests for additional information; receiving user input responsive to the output dialogue; and disambiguating the two or more candidate user intents based on the user input to determine the user intent.
 30. The device of claim 21, wherein determining the plurality of sets of possible device characteristics further comprises: determining one or more second possible device characteristics corresponding to a first term in the utterance; and determining one or more third possible device characteristics corresponding to a second term in the utterance, wherein the possible device characteristic is selected based on the one or more second possible device characteristics and the one or more third possible device characteristics.
 31. The device of claim 21, wherein the instructions further cause the one or more processors to: determine whether the utterance corresponds to a domain, the domain associated with an actionable intent of performing a task based on a device of the established location, wherein retrieving the data structure representing the set of devices of the established location is performed in response to determining that the utterance corresponds to the domain.
 32. The device of claim 21, wherein determining the one or more candidate devices of the set of devices further comprises: determining one or more alternative terms associated with a second term in the utterance, wherein the one or more candidate devices is determined based on the one or more alternative terms.
 33. The device of claim 21, wherein the instructions further cause the one or more processors to: determine a location corresponding to the utterance; and determine, based on the location, the established location from a plurality of established locations.
 34. The device of claim 21, wherein the instructions further cause the one or more processors to: receive a first attribute of a first device in the established location and a second attribute of a second device in the established location; determine, based on the first attribute and the second attribute, a relationship between the first device and the second device with respect to the established location; provide a prompt to modify the data structure based on the determined relationship; receive a third user input responsive to the prompt; and in response to receiving the third user input, modify the data structure to define the determined relationship between the first device and the second device with respect to the established location.
 35. The device of claim 21, wherein the instructions further cause the one or more processors to: detect, in association with an event, one or more user inputs that cause a plurality of devices in the set of devices to be set to respective operating states; in response to detecting the one or more user inputs, provide a second prompt to store the respective operating states of the plurality of devices in association with a custom command; receive a fifth user input responsive to the second prompt; and in response to receiving the fifth user input, store the respective operating states of the plurality of devices in association with the custom command, wherein in response to receiving the custom command, the electronic device causes the plurality of devices to be set to the respective operating states.
 36. The device of claim 21, wherein the instructions further cause the one or more processors to: detect, in association with a second plurality of devices in the set of devices being set to second respective operating states, a sixth user input that causes a third device in the set of devices to be set to a third operating state, wherein the second respective operating states of the second plurality of devices are stored in association with a second custom command; in response to detecting the sixth user input, provide a third prompt to store the third operating state of the third device in association with the second custom command; receive a seventh user input responsive to the third prompt; and in response to receiving the seventh user input, store the third operating state of the third device in association with the second custom command, wherein in response to receiving the second custom command after storing the third operating state of the third device in association with the second custom command, the electronic device causes the second plurality of devices to be set to the second respective operating states and the third device to be set to the third operating state.
 37. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 22, wherein the instructions further cause the electronic device to: determine a relative position of a user with respect to a region in the established location, wherein the utterance is associated with the user, and wherein the user intent is determined based on the relative position.
 38. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 22, wherein determining the user intent further comprises: determining, based on the overlapping device characteristic, a first candidate user intent corresponding to the utterance and a second candidate user intent corresponding to the utterance; determining a first salience of a first action associated with the first candidate user intent and a second salience of a second action associated with the second candidate user intent; and ranking the first candidate user intent and the second candidate user intent based on the first salience and the second salience, wherein the user intent is determined based on the ranking.
 39. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 22, wherein determining the user intent further comprises: determining, based on the overlapping device characteristic, two or more candidate user intents corresponding to the utterance; determining whether the two or more candidate user intents can be disambiguated; in response to determining that the two or more candidate user intents cannot be disambiguated, outputting dialogue that requests for additional information; receiving user input responsive to the output dialogue; and disambiguating the two or more candidate user intents based on the user input to determine the user intent.
 40. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 22, wherein determining the plurality of sets of possible device characteristics further comprises: determining one or more second possible device characteristics corresponding to a first term in the utterance; and determining one or more third possible device characteristics corresponding to a second term in the utterance, wherein the possible device characteristic is selected based on the one or more second possible device characteristics and the one or more third possible device characteristics.
 41. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 22, wherein the instructions further cause the electronic device to: determine whether the utterance corresponds to a domain, the domain associated with an actionable intent of performing a task based on a device of the established location, wherein retrieving the data structure representing the set of devices of the established location is performed in response to determining that the utterance corresponds to the domain.
 42. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 22, wherein determining the one or more candidate devices of the set of devices further comprises: determining one or more alternative terms associated with a second term in the utterance, wherein the one or more candidate devices is determined based on the one or more alternative terms.
 43. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 22, wherein the instructions further cause the electronic device to: determine a location corresponding to the utterance; and determine, based on the location, the established location from a plurality of established locations.
 44. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 22, wherein the instructions further cause the electronic device to: receive a first attribute of a first device in the established location and a second attribute of a second device in the established location; determine, based on the first attribute and the second attribute, a relationship between the first device and the second device with respect to the established location; provide a prompt to modify the data structure based on the determined relationship; receive a third user input responsive to the prompt; and in response to receiving the third user input, modify the data structure to define the determined relationship between the first device and the second device with respect to the established location.
 45. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 22, wherein the instructions further cause the electronic device to: detect, in association with an event, one or more user inputs that cause a plurality of devices in the set of devices to be set to respective operating states; in response to detecting the one or more user inputs, provide a second prompt to store the respective operating states of the plurality of devices in association with a custom command; receive a fifth user input responsive to the second prompt; and in response to receiving the fifth user input, store the respective operating states of the plurality of devices in association with the custom command, wherein in response to receiving the custom command, the electronic device causes the plurality of devices to be set to the respective operating states.
 46. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 22, wherein the instructions further cause the electronic device to: detect, in association with a second plurality of devices in the set of devices being set to second respective operating states, a sixth user input that causes a third device in the set of devices to be set to a third operating state, wherein the second respective operating states of the second plurality of devices are stored in association with a second custom command; in response to detecting the sixth user input, provide a third prompt to store the third operating state of the third device in association with the second custom command; receive a seventh user input responsive to the third prompt; and in response to receiving the seventh user input, store the third operating state of the third device in association with the second custom command, wherein in response to receiving the second custom command after storing the third operating state of the third device in association with the second custom command, the electronic device causes the second plurality of devices to be set to the second respective operating states and the third device to be set to the third operating state. 